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MIGRATION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Subsistence farmers lack independence and financial gain
      - Lack of alternative opportunities
      - Periodic droughts lead to food insecurity
    - - Daily minimum wage is better in Thailand
      - Instable demand for low-skilled labour in Thai economy
      - For lots of Laos families remittances is a main source of income
      - Inspiration from former successful migrations
- - - - Language
      - Cost of travel
      - Ease of access and accommodation
      - Efficiency of sending remittances
      - Wage differentials
      - Migration policies
  - - - Work experience
      - Age
      - Language proficiency
      - Adaptability
      - Education
- - - - Important receiver of environmental and political refugees
      - Political stability promoted through membership to Mercosur (a South American trade block)
      - Stable political relationships between bilateral flows (esp. USA, Japan, Portugal)
    - - Prejudice and discrimination in labour market (esp. against black people)
      - Brazilians of African descent are most affected by inequalities in housing, access to services, education and income
      - Poverty is concentrated in rural areas or in favelas
    - - Growth of agriculture and manufacturing due to immigration from Japan & Portugal
      - Gaps in labour market released by recent arrivals of highly skilled professionals
- - - - Western Europe
      - African System
      - South America system
      - Persian gulf system
      - North America system
      - Asia Pacific system
  - - - High-skilled workers from EDCs (Brazil, China, India) to ACs (USA, Canada) attracted by higher salaries
      - Workers from India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt and the Philippines migrating to oil producing Gulf states and Saudi Arabia
    - - Movement within ASEAN (SE Asian nations) of low-skilled workers from Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia to faster growing economies
      - Migrant systems within South America towards the 'Southern Cone' of Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay due to labour opportunites
  - - - Retirement
      - Family reunification
      - Employment opportunities
    - - Fleeing conflict zones, persecution or natural disasters (Rohingya refugees to Pakistan)
      - Seeking international protection with no refugee claim (Afghani people seeking asylum in Germany)
      - Looking to send remittances home (Polish -> UK migration under Schengen Agreement in 2004)
      - Looking for a better education (Non-EU migrants coming to the UK)