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Power & Standard and Non-Standard Theories, Power & Standard and…
Power & Standard and Non-Standard
Theories
Power & Standard and Non-Standard
Theories
Edward Sapir-Benjam & Lee Wharf (1921 & 1951)
Language determines the way we see the world, and people who use different languages view the world in different ways
Erving Goffman (1955)
Face Theory, people have faces which must be appealed to to form polite conversation
William Labov (1966)
Found that the post vocalic -r was present mostly in upper class/upper middle class environments, but was found in lists when speaking with lower classes
Giles' Accomodation Theory (1970s)
People adjust speech depending on who they are talking to, in order to fit in and appear similar, especially in relation to class
Basil Bernstein (1971)
Restricted Codes - idioms, simple sentences, repitition
Elaborated Codes - Complex sentences, explicit meanings
Robin Lakoff (1973)
Politeness principles - Don't impose, give options, appeal to receiver
Grice's Maxims (1975)
Quantity - do not talk too much
Relevance - contents must remain relevant
Manner - avoid ambiguity and obscurity
Quality - tell the truth
Brown & Levinson (1978)
Positive Face - the desire to feel liked
Negative face - the desire to be unopposed
Peter Trudgill (1974)
Dropping of -ing in words spoken by people in Norwich
Lesley Milroy (1980)
People change their speech to gain prestige and power when arounf those of higher status
Howard Giles (1973)
Four oral arguments against capital punishment, listeners impressed by RP, but convinced by regional speakers
Holmes and Stubbe (2003)
"Doing power" is linked to a person's position in their work
Charles Winick (1976)
Humour can be used to criticise authority
Michael Halliday (1985)
Field - topic of discussion
Manner - who is being addressed
Mode - the way in which it is recorded
Norman Fairclough (2001)
Synthetic personalisation - tricking the audience to believing they are being personally addressed
Members' resources - working with a reader's ideological background
Building the consumer - placing the reader in a desired position compared to the seller
Malcolm Petyt (1980)
Lower classes in Yorkshire dropped the /h/ sound at the beginning of words
Jenny Cheshire (1982)
Girls use less non-standard language than boys
John Morreall (1991)
Humour is used in the workplace to maintain good relationships
Kay and Kempton (1984)
Languages with more colour words have better perceptions of colour
Shan Wareing (1999)
Instrumental power - maintain and enforce authority
Influential power - influencing and persuade others for authority