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Life Cycle - Coggle Diagram

- - - - mature ovules
        
        develop embryo, protective integuments, nourishment
  - - - single functional megaspore within nucellus
        
        early seeds in cupules
    - - partial enclosure of megasporangium
        
        early integuments lobate and only partially fused
    - - heterospory
      - integuments
      - micropyle
      - nutritive tissue
  - - - allows for resource optimization
        
        evolved independently
    - - from chalazal region up
      - evolved from sterile telomeres
      - angiosperm has two layers
    - - stable environment for growth
    - - others are aboreted/degenerate
    - - undergoes mitosis to form endoscopic megagametophye
    - - to facilitate fertilization
  - - - bryophytes
        
        reduction in male gametophyte size
        
        pollen grain
        
        2-3 cells
    - - endosporically
    - - exile
      - air bladders
    - - gymniosperms
        
        haustoria
      - angiosperm
        
        pollen tube navigates style
      - transition from flagella to non motile
  - - - wider range of environment
        
        protective tissues
      - megasporocyte located near nucellus region
        
        gymnosperms
        
        towards chalazal region
        
        tetrad but only one lives
        
        angiosperm
        
        highly reduced megagamatophyte
        
        embryo sac
        
        8 nuclei (3 antipodals, 2 synergids, 1 egg, 2 polar bodies)
        
        integuments
        
        nucellus (megasporangium)
        
        funicles
        
        double fertilization
- - - - bisexual
      - radial symmetry
      - multiple whorls of petals
    - - calyx and sepals
        
        outermost floral whorl
        
        green leaf like sepal
      - corolla and petals
        
        above calyx
        
        non photosynthetic w/ pigments
      - androecium
        
        stamens
        
        anthers
        
        site of pollen production
        
        4 pollen sacs
        
        tapetrum
        
        filaments
        
        slender stalk supports anther
      - gynoecium
        
        innermost whorl 1 or more carpals
        
        carpals
        
        stigma
        
        style
        
        ovary
  - - - inferior
      - superior
    - - hypogynous
        
        whorls arise on receptacle beneath superior ovaries
        
        Lillies
      - epigynous
        
        whorls appear to emerge above on inferior ovary
        
        apples
      - perigynous
        
        intermediate cond. where perianth + stamens fuse to form cup
        
        cherry flower
    - - lacks something=incomplete
        
        lacks androecium or gynoecium=imperfect
        
        only stamen=staminate
        
        only carpals= pistillate
        
        imperfect flowers
        
        monoecious
        
        both staminate and pistillate on same individual
        
        diecious
        
        plants produce only staminate or pistillate (separate)
        
        hermaphrodite flowers
        
        gymnomonecious
        
        single plant has hermaphrodite and pistillate flowers
        
        andromonecious
        
        single plant has hermaphrodite and staminate flowers
      - all the things= perfect
  - - - guide for pollinators
    - - special glands
    - - radial symmetry
        
        actinomorphic
        
        can be divided into identical halves on multiple planes
        
        archaic w/ broad range of pollinators
      - bilateral symmetry
        
        only divided in one plane
        
        more derived
    - - diurnal (day)
      - nocturnal
    - - pollon
      - nectar
  - - - anemophily
        
        wind pollination
        
        inconspicious, lack color and scent
        
        lots of pollen
        
        grasses, oaks, birches
      - hydrophily
        
        water pollination
        
        lots of pollen
        
        floats or sinks to travel current
    - - melittophily
        
        bee pollination
        
        nectar and pollen
        
        blue/yellow/ uv
        
        pleasant and sweet smell
        
        zygomorphic landing pad
      - psychophily
        
        vivid colors, red and orange
        
        platform to land
        
        nectar within tubular corollas
        
        daylight
      - phalaenophily
        
        moth pollination
        
        pale/white flowers
        
        strong/sweet perfumes
        
        narrow tubular corollas to accommodate moths proboscis
        
        nighttime
      - myophily/sapromyophily
        
        fly pollination
        
        drab/dull colors
        
        minimal nectar
        
        putrid/rotting smell
      - ornithophily
        
        red or bright hues
        
        no smell
        
        lots of nectar on long tubes
        
        bird pollination
      - chiropterophily
        
        bat pollination
        
        robust with sturdy petals
        
        night
        
        fruit odor
      - cantharophily
        
        beetle pollination
        
        bowl shape
        
        sweet/putrid
    - - trick pollinators
        
        orchids
  - - - matures into fruit
        
        pericarp
        
        exocarp
        
        mesocarp
        
        endocarp
      - accessory tissue
- - - - Algal Ancestor
        
        charophyte
        
        haplontic
        
        dominant haploid gametophyte
      - current land plants
        
        embryophytes
        
        alternation of generations
        
        diploid sporophyte
        
        produces spores through meiosis
        
        syngamy
        
        2 more items...
        
        haploid gametophyte
        
        produces gametes through mitosis
      - sporophyte
        
        diploid, spore producing phase
      - bryophytes
        
        liverworts/mosses
    - - liverwort
        
        gametophyte main body
        
        sporophyte small parasitic structure
        
        grows within archegoniphore
        
        diploid zygote -> mitosis -> multicellular sporophyte
        
        w/n sporangium -> meiosis -> haploid spores
        
        dispersed -> germinate -> haploid gametophytes
        
        separate male and female structures
        
        male
        
        antheridiophores
        
        contains sperm
        
        fertilization
        
        requires water
        
        diploid zygote
        
        female
        
        archigoniophores
        
        contains egg
      - diploid sporophyte small, dependent
        
        dependent for nutrition
      - mosses
        
        sporophyte small stalk w/ capsule
        
        dependent on gametophyte
        
        separate male and female gametophytes
        
        male gametophyte
        
        produces sperm in antheridia
        
        paraphyses
        
        female gametophytes
        
        eggs in archegonium
        
        swollen venter w/ canal
        
        fertilization requires water
        
        modification for spore dispersal
        
        capped by calyptra
        
        operculum
        
        peristome teeth
    - - lycophyte
        
        heterospory
        
        microspores
        
        megaspores
        
        female remain in spore wall
      - sporophyte dominant stage
        
        produces strobili
        
        composed of sporophyll w/ sporangia
        
        microsporangia = microspores
        
        male, many
        
        meiosis
        
        sperm released
        
        1 more item...
        
        megasporangia = megaspore
        
        female, 4
        
        splits to show archegonium
        
        fertilization
      - fern
        
        sporophyte (fern plant) dominant diploid
        
        sporangia on bottom of leaf
        
        sori
        
        covered by indusium
        
        gametophyte small, short lived
        
        prothallus
        
        attached to soil by rhziods
        
        produces archegonium and antheridium
  - - - gymnosperms(pines)
        
        diploid zygote->mitsosis->sporophyte
        
        strobili (cones)
        
        microstrobili
        
        meiosis-> microspores -> microgametophytes (pollen grain)
        
        air dispersal
        
        megastrobili
        
        1 megaspore
        
        megagametophyte w/ multiple archegonium with eggs
      - angiosperms (flowering plants)
        
        sporophyte dominant (recognizable plant)
        
        zygote -> embryo with seed
        
        grows mitotically
        
        male structure
        
        stamen houses anthers containing microsporangia where microsporocytes undergo meisosis to produce haploid microspores
        
        female structure
        
        carpal contains ovules housing megasporangium where megasporocyte undergoes meiosis to produce one megaspore divides mitotically to form megagametophyte (embryo sac) with 8 nuclei
        
        double fertilization
        
        one sperm fertilizes egg
        
        another sperm fertilized polar bodies
        
        triploid endosperm