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Structural Changes in East Asia’s Economic Development (Focus: China,…

- - - - Liberalization of financial markets and increased capital mobility.
      - Governments still play key roles in industrial policy and economic planning.
      - Innovation-driven growth and fiscal/monetary support during crises.
    - - 🇯🇵 Japan: Financial reform after “Lost Decade,” zero interest rate policy, and stimulus packages.
      - 🇨🇳 China: RMB internationalization, development of Free Trade Zones (FTZs), and tech innovation funding.
      - 🇰🇷 South Korea: Balancing financial regulation with innovation; strong startup ecosystem.
      - 🇹🇼 Taiwan: Support for SMEs and innovation finance policies.
      - 🇭🇰 Hong Kong: Global financial hub with open capital markets and fintech development.
    - - More resilient, adaptive financial systems supporting industrial and technological transformation.
- - - - Emphasis on green growth, environmental protection, and energy restructuring.
      - Focus on social equality, education, and inclusive welfare systems.
      - Transition toward low-carbon and digital economies.
    - - 🇨🇳 China: Carbon peak and neutrality goals; massive renewable energy investment.
      - 🇯🇵 Japan: Green growth strategy and energy efficiency after Fukushima.
      - 🇰🇷 South Korea: “Green New Deal” and digital transformation strategy.
      - 🇹🇼 Taiwan: Renewable energy promotion and sustainability-focused innovation.
      - 🇭🇰 Hong Kong: Green finance and environmental policy integration.
    - - Balancing economic growth with social equality and environmental goals.
    - - Regional cooperation in green technology and sustainable infrastructure.