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TRANSFERS OF ENERGY AND MATTER, FOOD CHAINS SHOW THE LINEAR FEEDING…

- - - - A CLOSED SYSTEM EXCHANGES ENERGY BUT NOT MATTER WITH ITS SURROUNDINGS
      - IT IS SELF-CONTAINED
      - WHILE ENERGY FLOW THROUGH THE SYSTEM, MATTER REMAINS AND MUST BE RECYCLED
    - - AN OPEN SYSTEM EXCHANGES BOTH ENERGY AND MATTER WITH ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT
      - ENERGY IS SOURCED FROM SUNLIGHTS OR PRODUCED VIA CHEMICAL REACTIONS
    - - ECOSYSTEMS SUCH AS CAVES OR DEEP OCEANS DO NOT HAVE LIGHT AS AN ENERGY SOURCE
      - SOME ENERGY MAY PASS TO THESE ECOSYSTEMS IN DEAD ORGANIC MATTER TRANSFERRED FROM OTHER ECOSYSTEMS
      - ANOTHER SOURCE OF ENERGY IS INORGANIC CHEMICAL REACTIONS WHICH CHEMOAUTOTROPHS USE
  - - - ORGANISMS IN A FOOD WEB CAN OCCUPY MORE THAN ONE TROPHIC LEVEL
  - - - DEFECATION (REMOVAL OF FECES FROM THE GUT)
      - SHEDDING OF UNWANTED BODY PARTS
      - DEATH OF WHOLE ORGANISMS
  - - - INDIGESTIBLE MATERIAL IS EGESTED IN FEACES AND THE ENERGY PASSES TO SAPROTROPHS
    - - CARBON COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE BEEN OXIDIZED IN RESPIRATION CANNOT PASS TO THE NEXT TROPHIC LEVEL AND THE ENERGY IS LOST FROM THE FOOD CHAIN
    - - ENERGY IN DEAD ORGANISMS PASS TO SAPROTROPHS OR DETRITUS-FEEDERS THAT ARE NOT PART OF FOOD CHAINS