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Muscular system, Hugo Ramirez Jr. Period 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Muscles contract to move bones, blood, and food
    - - Constant partial contraction of muscles keeps the body upright.
    - - Muscles and tendons stabilize joints during motion.
    - - Muscle contractions generate heat to maintain body temperature.
    - - Protects internal organs by forming walls.
    - - Circular muscles control openings like the mouth, eyes, and digestive tract
- - - - Frontalis
        
        Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
      - Orbicularis oculi
        
        Closes eyes (blinking)
      - Zygomaticus
        
        Raises corners of mouth (smiling)
      - Orbicularis oris
        
        Closes and puckers lips
      - Masseter
        
        Closes jaw, helps with chewing
      - Temporalis
        
        Assists in chewing
  - - - Sternocleidomastoid
        
        Turns and flexes the neck
      - Trapezius
        
        Lifts shoulders, moves head
      - Pectoralis major
        
        Brings arm across chest
      - Latissimus dorsi
        
        Moves arm backward and downward
      - Rectus abdominis
        
        Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen
  - - - Biceps brachii
        
        Flexes elbow
      - Triceps brachii
        
        Extends elbow
      - Deltoid
        
        Lifts and rotates arm
      - Quadriceps
        
        Straightens knee
      - Hamstrings
        
        Bends knee
      - Gastrocnemius
        
        Raises heel (tiptoeing)
      - Gluteus maximus
        
        Extends hip, helps you stand
- - - - Voluntary (controlled by the somatic nervous system)
        
        Striated appearance (striped under microscope)
        
        Multinucleated cells
        
        Moves the skeleton, maintains posture, and produces heat.
        
        Example: Biceps brachii flexes the arm.
    - - Involuntary (controlled by the autonomic nervous system)
        
        Striated with intercalated discs (allow rapid communication between cells)
        
        Found only in the heart
        
        Pumps blood through the body continuously.
    - - Involuntary and non-striated
        
        Found in walls of organs, blood vessels, and digestive tract
        
        Moves food, regulates blood flow, controls pupil size, etc.
- - - - Boundaries of each sarcomere.
    - - Contains thick filaments (dark region)
    - - Thin filaments only (light region).
    - - Center of A band with only myosin.
- - - - Surrounds the entire muscle; outermost layer.
    - - Wraps around bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles.
    - - Surrounds each individual muscle fiber.
- - - - Genetic; progressive weakening of muscles.
    - - Autoimmune; body attacks ACh receptors causing fatigue and weakness.
    - - Inflammation of tendon from overuse or injury.
    - - Overstretching or tearing of muscle/tendon.
    - - Chronic muscle pain and tenderness.
    - - Sudden, involuntary muscle contractions due to dehydration or overuse.