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Belongingness Ambivalence Facilitating client management of the need to…
Belongingness Ambivalence
Facilitating client management of the need to belong
client management
factors that influence sense of belonging
risk factors
protective factors
personality
(predictor)
client's personality
extraversion
(how outgoing a person is)
agreeableness
(how trusting and friendly a person is)
conscientiousness
(how thorough and reliable a person is)
emotional stability
(how well a person can handle stress)
openness
(how interested and imaginative a person is)
others' personality
openness
agreeableness
identification with an outgroup
Walton & Brady, 2017
effects of belonging-related stressors can be stronger
integrative framework
competencies for belonging
Blackhart et al., 2011
social skills
being aware of oneself and others
emotion and behavioral regulation
verbal / non-verbal communication
acknowledgment and alignment with social norms
active listening
cultural skills
opportunities to belong
motivations to belong
perceptions of belonging
universal human needs conflict
need to belong
definitions
Marksteiner et al., 2019
sense of belonging = "the sense of acceptance, inclusion, respect and value in one's social environment" (Bohndick et al, 2025)
Tinto, 1975
social integration (academic settings)
"students must engage with both social and academic systems and...successful interaction within these systems leads to effective integration"
Hagerty et al., 1992
belonging = "a subjective feeling that one is an integral part of their surrounding systems, including family, friends, school, work environments, communities, cultural groups, and physical places" (Allen et al., 2021)
Baumeister & Leary, 1995
need to belong definition
differentiating between belonging as trait (belonging as a core psychological need) and state(situation-specific senses of belonging)
(Allen et al., 2021)
common items in measures
an individual's perception of their connection to a chosen group or place
opportunities for interaction with others
motivations to connect and build relationships with a desired group (not a focus in earlier measures)
ability / skills e.g. I find it easy to make friends
importance
Slavich & Cole, 2013
"a need to belong...buried deep inside our biology, all the way down to the human genome" (Allen et al., 2021)
Hanh, 2017
"physical safety and well-being are intimately linked with the quality of human relationships and the characteristics of the surrounding social world" (Allen et al., 2021)
Boyd & Richerson, 2009
"connection with other people and places is crucial for survival" (Allen et al., 2021)
Blackhart et al., 2007; Kross et al., 2007; Slavich et al., 2014; Slavich, Way et al., 2010
"need to belong [observable] at both the neural and peripheral biological level" (Allen et al, 2021)
positive associations
persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities
students' psychological well-being
undergraduates' involvement in courses that use technology
persistence in course study
more positive psychosocial outcomes
lack of belonging associations
mental
rapid cognitive decline
mental illness e.g. depression
physical
health risks equivalent to smoking 15 cigarettes a day and twice as harmful as obesity (Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015)
poor sleep quality
cardiovascular difficulties
lowered immune functioning
early mortality
need / difficulty
Australia in 2017 - Australian Psychological Society, 2018
1 of 2 adults reported lacking companionship at least some of the time
1 of 4 adults could be classified as being lonely
(Allen et al., 2021)
US - Cigna, 2018
63% of men & 58% of women reported feeling lonely
facilitation
aftercare planning for sustained longterm efficacy