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3. CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS, Screenshot 2025-11-10 at 20.32.35 - Coggle…
3. CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS
CARBON AND ORGANIC MOLECULES
CARBON CAN FORM 4 BONDS WITH OTHER CARBON ATOMS OR OTHER NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS
CARBON CAN FORM COVALENT BONDS
CARBON COMPOUNDS
LIPIDS
EITHER UNBRANCHED CHIANS OR RINGED STRUCTURES
NUCLEIC ACIDS
FUNCTION AS GENETIC MATERIAL
CARBOHYDRATES
USUALLY HAVE RING STRUCTURES
PROTEINS
CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS WITH A VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS
AN ORGANIC COMPOUND IS A COMPOUND THAT CONTAINS CARBON AND IS FOUND IN LIVING THINGS
CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
EXAMPLES OF PENTOSE SUGARS (5C) ARE RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE, FOUND IN RNA AND DNA
AN EXAMPLE OF A HEXOSE SUGAR (6C) IS GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE PROPERTIES
STABILITY
STABLE MOLECULE AS CYCLIC STRUCTURES ARE MORE ENERGETICALLY FAVORABLE
TRANSPORT
IS IS EASIER TO TRANSPORT IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS SINCE IT IS STABLE AND SOLUBLE
SOLUBILITY
GLUCOSE IS POLAR DUE TO OH GROUPS SO WILL DISSOLVE IN WATER
ATP YIELD
GLUCOSE CAN BE OXIDISED TO PRODUCE A LARGE YIELD OF ATP IN AEROBIC CELL RESPIRATION
POLYSACCHARIDES
POLYMERS OF ALPHA-GLLUCOSE MOLECULES FORM GLYCOGEN AND STARCH
GLYCOGEN
USED IN ANIMALS FOR ENERGY
HIGHLY BRANCHED AS IT CONTAINS BOTH 1-4 AND 1-6 LINKAGES
GLUCOSE MONOMERS CAN BE EASILY ADDED OR REMOVED BY POLYMERIZATION TO BUILD OR MOBILISE THESE ENERGY STORES
STARCH
USED IN PLANTS FOR ENERGY
CAN BE LINEAR - AMYLOSE
CAN BE BRANCHED - AMYLOPECTIN
THEIR LARGE MOLECULAR SIZE MAKES THEM INSOLUBLE IN WATER
THE COILED AND BRANCHED FORM OF THE MOLECULES MAKES THEM COMPACT, SO THEY DO NOT TAKE UP MUCH SPACE IN CELLS
CELLULOSE
POLYMERS OF BETA-GLUCOSE ARE USED TO FORM CELLULAR STRUCTURES
CELLULOSE IS MADE OF BETA-GLUCOSE MOLECULES IN AN ALTERNATING ARRANGEMENT
CELLULOSE IS A COMPONENT OF PLANT CELL WALLS
CELLULOSE CAN FORM STRAIGHT LINEAR CHAINS THAT CAN BE GROUPED INTO BUNDLES AND CROSS-LINKED WITH HYDROGEN BONDS
GLYCOPROTEINS
GLYCOPROTEINS ARE MADE UP OF CARBOHYDRATES ATTACHED TO PROTEINS VIA GLYCOSYLATION
BLOOD CELLS ARE CATEGORIZED BASED ON THE STRUCTURE OF A SURFACE GLYCOPROTEIN
GLYCOPROTEINS FUNCTION AS IDENTIFICATION TAGS TO ALLOW THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO RECOGNIZE THE CELLS AS SELF
LIPIDS
LIPIDS ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES COMPOSED OF HYDROCARBON CHAINS OR RINGS
LIPIDS ARE NONPOLAR AND HYDROPHOBIC
LIPIDS CAN BE FATS, OILS, WAXES AND STEROIDS
LIPIDS CONTAIN ONE FATTY ACID CHAIN THAT CAN BE LINKED TO THE HYDROXYL GROUP OF ALCOHOLS VIA CONDENSATION REACTIONS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND TRYCLIDERIDES
GLYCEROL CAN LINK 2 FATTY ACID CHAINS AND 1 PHOSPHATE GROUP TO FORM A PHOSPHOLIPID
PHOSPHOLIPIDS HAVE A POLAR HEAD AND 2 NON POLAR TAILS, THEREFORE IT IS CALLED AMPHIPATHIC
THE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER IS HELD TOGETHER BY WEAK HYDROPHOBIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN NONPOLAR TAILS MAKING THE BILAYER FLUID AND FLEXIBLE
THESE ARE CONDENSATION REACTIONS
GLYCEROL CAN LINK 3 FATTY ACID CHAINS TO FORM A TRYCLIDERIDE
TRYCLIDERIDES IN ADIPOSE TISSUES ARE USED FOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE IN ANIMALS SINCE THEY STORE 2X AS MUCH ENERGY AS CARBOHYDRATES AND ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO DIGEST
THERMAL INSULATION
TRYGLICERIDES HAVE LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY SO THEY ARE EFFECTIVE THERMAL INSULATORS
HABITAT
MAMMALS LIVING IN COLD ENVIRONMENTS WILL HAVE THICK LAYERS OF FAT TO INSULATE THEIR ORGANS
FATTY ACIDS
SATURATED
STRAIGHT HYDROCARBON CHAINS WITH NO DOUBLE C BONDS
BECAUSE THEY ARE STRAIGHT, THEY CAN BE MORE TIGHTLY PACKED
THIS TIGHT PACKAGING INCREASES THE NUMBER OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES RESULTING IN HIGHER MELTING POINT
THIS MEANS THEY WILL TYPICALLY EXIST AS SOLIDS/FATS
UNSATURATED
HAVE DOUBLE C BONDS
MONOUNSATURATED
1 DOUBLE BOND
POLYUNSATURATED
MULTIPLE DOUBLE BONDS
TRANS
HYDROGEN ATOMS ARE ON OPPOSITE SIDES
CIS
HYDROGEN ATOMS ARE ON THE SAME SIDE
THEY HAVE KINKED CHAINS THAT CAUSES THEM TO BE LOOSELY PACKED
THIS MEANS THERE ARE FEWER INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND LESS ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO SEPARATE THE FATTY ACIDS, RESULTING IN LOWER MELTING POINT
THIS MEANS THEY TYPICALLY EXIST AS LIQUIDS/ OILS
PLANTS
PLANTS CAN NOT CONTROL THEIR INTERNAL TEMPERATURES SO THEY RELY ON UNSATURATED LIQUIDS
ENDOTHERMS
ENDOTHERMS WILL PRODUCE MORE SATURATED FATS AS THEIR HIGHER CORE BODY TEMPERATURES CAN KEEP THESE LIQUID
STEROIDS
STEROIDS ARE LIPIDS COMPOSED OF 4 CARBON RINGS
A STEROID HORMONE FUNCTIONS AS A SIGNALLING MOLECULE
OESTRADIOL AND TESTOSTERONE ARE EXAMPLES
MACROMOLECULE FORMATION
MONOSACCHARIDES ARE JOINED TOGETHER TO FORM POLYSACCHARIDES TO FORM CARBOHYDRATES
NEUCLOTIDES ARE COMPRISED OF REPEATING UNITS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
POLYPEPTIDES ARE PROTEINS CONSISTING OF CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS
POLYMERS CAN BE FORMED BY MONOMERIC SUBUNITS VIA CONDENSATION REACTIONS
A HYDROXYL GROUP (OH) ON ONE MONOMER IS COMBINED WITH A H ATOM OF ANOTHER FOR A WATER MOLECULE TO BE PRODUCED
