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Chapters 44–45 Concept Map: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Hormonal…
Chapters 44–45 Concept Map: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Hormonal Control
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Nitrogenous Waste Forms
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Uric Acid: Non-toxic; conserves water; used by reptiles, birds, insects
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Processes
Proximal tubule: Reabsorbs ions, water, nutrients.
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Hormonal Regulation
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RAAS (Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System): Activates when blood pressure drops; causes Na⁺ and water retention.
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Hormone Classes
Polypeptides (water-soluble): Insulin, ADH.
Amines: Epinephrine, thyroxine.
Steroids (lipid-soluble): Cortisol, estrogen, testosterone.
Hormone Action
Water-soluble hormones: Bind to membrane receptors → signal transduction → cytoplasmic response.
Lipid-soluble hormones: Enter cells → bind intracellular receptors → alter gene expression.
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Feedback Regulation
Negative feedback: Hormone output inhibits further release (e.g., thyroid hormones).
Positive feedback: Amplifies signal (e.g., oxytocin during labor).
Examples
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Long-term → Adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone).
Disorders
Hypothyroidism: Low metabolism, fatigue.
Hyperthyroidism (Graves’): High metabolism, weight loss.
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