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chapter 9/10 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bread / Wine
    - - muscle fatigue, cheese, yogurt
- - - - Glucose: C₆H₁₂O₆, energy storage molecule
  - - - Pyruvate Oxidation & Citric Acid Cycle: Complete glucose breakdown to CO2
        
        Oxidative Phosphorylation: Produces most ATP via electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
      - At the end of glycolysis and Krebs, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, producing up to 36-38 ATP.
- - - - Involves electron transfer, energy released during the process is used to synthesize ATP.
  - - - Reduction: Gain of electrons; reducing agent donates electrons, oxidizing agent accepts them.
      - ATP Generation:
        
        Energy from electron transfer is used to produce ATP during oxidative phosphorylation.
  - - - O2 is the final electron acceptor, forming H2O.
- - - - that produce organic molecules from CO₂ and inorganic molecules
      - They are the primary producers of the biosphere
    - - Organelles in photosynthetic organisms (plants, algae, some prokaryotes) containing chlorophyll, which is essential for photosynthesis.
        
        Located mainly in mesophyll cells of leaves
        
        respiration
        
        Gas exchange between an organism and its environment.
      - Chloroplasts split H₂O for electrons, releasing O₂ as a by-product
        
        Photosynthesis uses CO2 and H2O to produce organic molecules and O2
    - - Electromagnetic radiation drives photosynthesis
        
        Visible light (380 nm to 740 nm) is essential
        
        Photosynthesis involves oxidizing H₂O and reducing CO₂, powered by light energy.
        
        Energy enters ecosystems as light and exits as heat
        
        Chemical elements essential to life are recycled
      - Pigments
        
        Substances like chlorophyll that absorb light
        
        Leaves appear green due to chlorophyll reflecting green light while absorbing violet-blue and red light
- - - - Location: Cytoplasm.
      - Reactants → Products:
        
        1 glucose → 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH, 2 ATP.
      - No oxygen required.
    - - Location: Cytoplasm to mitochondria.
      - No oxygen required.
      - Reactants → Products:
        
        2 pyruvic acid → 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO₂
    - - Location: Mitochondrial matrix.
      - No oxygen required.
    - - Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane.
      - Oxygen: Requires oxygen (aerobic).
      - Produces the most ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, where oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, producing water.
  - - - Split H₂O, releasing O₂.
      - Produce NADPH and ATP.
      - Calvin Cycle (in stroma):
        
        Fixes CO₂ into organic molecules.
        
        Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions to produce sugar.