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(Animal Physiology Part 3) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Maintaining water balance
      - Salt balance
      - Hyperosmotic vs hypoosmotic environments
      - Examples: Freshwater animals, Marine animals
    - - Protonephridia – flatworms, flame cells
      - Metanephridia – annelids
      - Malpighian tubules – insects
      - Kidneys – vertebrates
    - - Functional unit of kidney
      - Bowman's capsule
      - Proximal tubule
      - Loop of Henle
      - Distal tubule
      - Collecting duct
      - Processes: Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion
    - - ADH – water reabsorption
      - Aldosterone – sodium reabsorption
      - Renin-angiotensin system – blood pressure regulation
  - - - Protein-based hormones
        
        Water-soluble
        
        Bind to cell-surface receptors
        
        Example: Insulin
      - Steroid hormones
        
        Lipid-soluble
        
        Bind to intracellular receptors
        
        Example: Testosterone, Cortisol
    - - Pituitary gland
        
        Growth hormone
        
        TSH
        
        ACTH
      - Thyroid gland
        
        Thyroxine
        
        Calcitonin
      - Parathyroid glands
        
        Parathyroid hormone
      - Adrenal glands
        
        Epinephrine
        
        Cortisol
      - Pancreas
        
        Insulin
        
        Glucagon
      - Gonads
        
        Estrogen
        
        Testosterone
  - - - Negative feedback
      - Positive feedback
    - - Water balance
      - Glucose regulation
      - Stress response