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(Endocrine System) - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System
Disorders of the Endocrine System
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1: Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells
Type 2: Insulin resistance.
Hyperthyroidism
Excess thyroid hormone → increased metabolism
Hypothyroidism
Low thyroid hormone → fatigue, weight gain
Cushing’s Syndrome
Excess cortisol.
Addison’s Disease:
A system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate body functions.
Function: Maintains homeostasis, regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses.
Comparison: Slower but longer-lasting effects than the nervous system.
Hormones
Definition: Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands.
Peptide hormones: Made of amino acids (e.g., insulin).
Steroid hormones: Derived from cholesterol (e.g., cortisol, estrogen).
Amine hormones: Derived from amino acids like tyrosine (e.g., epinephrine, thyroxine).
Transport: Travel through blood to target cells with specific receptors.
Action Mechanisms:
Water-soluble hormones: Bind to surface receptors → signal transduction.
Lipid-soluble hormones: Pass through membrane → bind to intracellular receptors → gene expression.
Major Endocrine Glands & Their Hormones
Hypothalamus: Controls pituitary; releases releasing/inhibiting hormones.
Pituitary Gland:
Anterior
GH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin.
Posterior
Posterior: Oxytocin, ADH.
Thyroid:
Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin.
Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Adrenal Glands:
Cortex
Cortisol, aldosterone
Medulla
Epinephrine, norepinephrine.
Pancreas
Insulin, glucagon
Gonads
Ovaries
Estrogen, progesterone
Testes
Testosterone
Pineal Gland:
Melatonin
Feedback Mechanisms
Negative Feedback:
Definition: A process where the output of a system inhibits its own production.
Example: High thyroid hormone levels inhibit TSH release.
Positive Feedback
Definition: A process where the output enhances the original stimulus
Example: Oxytocin during childbirth increases contractions