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Chapter 9 & 10 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Takes place in the stoma
      - Does not require light
      - Uses ATP + NADPH to make glucose
      - Carbon Fixation
        
        1 Molecule of Co2 combines with RUBP(5-Carbon Acceptor). This then makes a 6 carbon compound that then splits into 2 molecules of 3-PGA(made of 3 carbons)
        
        Reaction is Catalyzed by the enyzmes Rubisco
        
        RuBP-Ribulose 1,5-Bishosphate; G3P-Glyceraldehyde-3-Phospahte
    - - Occurs in the Thylakoid membrane
      - Requires constant supply of light energy
      - H20 is converted into O2
      - Light energy is converted into ATP +NADPH
  - - - Thylakoids may be stacked in columns called grana
  - - - It sends light through pigments and measures the
        fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength
      - a spectrophotometer measures a pigment’s
        ability to absorb various wavelengths
    - - an absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a
        pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength
      - The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a indicates that violet-blue and red light will work best for photosynthesis, while green is the least effective
    - - the key light-capturing pigment that
        participates directly in light reactions
    - - an accessory pigment
      - Carotenoids, a separate group of accessory
        pigments
    - - The action spectrum for photosynthesis, a profile of the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths, confirms the effectiveness of violet-blue and red light
    - - Light-harvesting complexes transfer the energy of photons to the chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction-center complex
      - These chlorophyll a molecules are special because they can transfer an excited electron to a different molecule
    - - Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the light reactions
    - - During the light reactions, there are two possible
        routes for electron flow: cyclic and linear
      - Linear electron flow, the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
      - 1,A photon hits a pigment in a light-harvesting complex of PS II, and its energy is passed among pigment molecules until it excites P680
      - An excited electron from P680 is transferred to the primary electron acceptor; we refer to the oxidized
        form as P680+
      - 3.An enzyme catalyzes the split of H2O into two electrons, two hydrogen ions (H+) and an oxygen
        atom
        
        .
        
         The electrons are transferred to the P680+ pair, reducing it back to P680
        
         The H+ are released into the thylakoid space
        
         The oxygen atom combines with another oxygen atom generated by the splitting of a different H2O and forms o2
      - 4.Electrons are passed in a series of redox reactions from the primary electron acceptor of PS II down an electron transport chain to PS I
        
         The electron transport chain includes the electron carrier plastoquinone (Pq), a cytochrome complex, and a protein called plastocyanin (Pc)
         Energy released by electron transfer is used to pump H+ into the thylakoid space, creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane
      - Potential energy stored in the proton gradient drives production of ATP by chemiosmosis
      - In PS I (like PS II), transferred light energy excites P700, which loses an electron to the primary electron acceptor
        
        P700+ (P700 that is missing an electron) accepts an electron passed down from PS II via the electron transport chain
      - Electrons are passed from the primary electron acceptor of PS I down a second electron transport chain to the protein ferredoxin (Fd)
        
         There is no proton gradient or ATP produced by this electron transport chain
      - The enzyme NADP+ reductase catalyzes the transfer of electrons from Fd to NADP+
        
         Two electrons are needed to reduce NADP+ to
        
        NADPH
        
         The electrons of NADPH are at a higher energy level than they were in H2O, so are more readily available for the reactions of the Calvin cycle
        
         The formation of NADPH also removes an H+ from the stroma
- - - - Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP
    - - Obligate anaerobes
        
        carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of 02
      - Faculties Anaerobes
        
        Can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration
        
        examples:Yeast and many bacteria.
    - - Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugar that occurs without oxygen
      - Regenerates NAD⁺ through alternate mechanisms
      - alcohol fermentation
        
        pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps
        
        The first step releases CO, from pyruvate
        
        The second step produces NAD+ and ethanol
        
        Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking
    - - includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration
  - - - Photosynthesis reverses the direction of electron
        flow compared to respiration
      - Photosynthesis is a redox process in which H2O is
        oxidized and CO2 is reduced
      - Photosynthesis is an endergonic process; the
        energy boost is provided by light