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Energy Transformation in living t - Coggle Diagram
Energy Transformation in living t
Cellular Respiration
Catabolic process
Converts glucose → ATP
Occurs in mitochondria
Equation > C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)
Stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
Splits glucose → 2 pyruvate
Net: 2 ATP, 2 NADH
No oxygen required
Pyruvate Oxidation (Matrix)
Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA + CO₂ + NADH
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Each turn: 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP
Per glucose: 2 turns → 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP
CO₂ released as waste
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Inner Membrane)
Electron Transport Chain: uses NADH & FADH₂
Chemiosmosis: H⁺ gradient drives ATP synthase
Produces ~28 ATP
Anaerobic Pathways
Fermentation: allows glycolysis to continue
Alcohol fermentation: pyruvate → ethanol + CO₂
Lactic acid fermentation: pyruvate → lactate
Only 2 ATP (net)
Mitochondrion
Found in all eukaryotic cells
Double membrane: outer smooth, inner folded into cristae
Cristae: increase surface area for the electron transport chain
Matrix: site of Krebs cycle and pyruvate oxidation
Intermembrane space: H⁺ build-up drives ATP synthase
Main function is to convert glucose to ATP
Photosynthesis
Anabolic process
Converts light + CO₂ + H₂O → glucose
Occurs in chloroplasts
Equation-
6CO₂ + 12H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O
Stages of Photosynthesis
Light Reactions
Requires light
puts in light, H₂O, NADP⁺, ADP
Gives O₂, ATP, NADPH
Cyclic Flow - produces ATP only
Chemiosmosis: H⁺ gradient drives ATP synthase
Calvin Cycle
PHASES
Carbon Fixation
Reduction → G3P
Regeneration of RuBP
3 turns makes 1 G3P, 2 GEP makes one glucose
Chloroplast
Thylakoids = flattened sacs stacked into grana
Stroma = fluid around grana; site of Calvin cycle
Thylakoid membrane: holds chlorophyll, photosystems, ETC, ATP synthase