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Exam 3: Life Cycles and Reproduction - Coggle Diagram
Exam 3: Life Cycles and Reproduction
Life Cycle Evolution
Meiosis
Diploid Sporophyte to Haploid Gametophyte
Meosis 1
Prophase1-condesing and genetic recomp
Metaphase 1- Pairs align
Anaphase1- seperation, now haploid
Telophase1 and cytokensis- separation into 2 daughter cells (1n)
Meosis 2
Prophase2- condesing, new spindle
Metaphase2- align on metaphase plate
Anaphase 2- chromatids spereate
Telophase 2 and Cyto- Seperation, cell wall on metaphase plate, 4 cells
Ends with 4 haploid spores
No centrioles
Sporophyte evolution
Algae has Haplontic LC
Haploidic to Haploidiplontic
Interpolation (Antiethic) theory
Zygote mistakingly did mitosis instead of meiosis
created multicell diploid struture
Early sporophyte has foot and stalk
like bryophyte
Gametophyte Dominant
Liverwort
Gametophyte-main plant body
Sporophyte-inside archigonipore
Diploid zygote mitosis to make sporphyte
Meiosis in sporangium making haploid spores
Spores disperse, mitosis and make haploid gametophyte
Gametophyte
Female- Archegonipores
Male- Anthridiapores
fertilization making new diploid zygote
Mosses
sporphyte grows out of gametophyte
same process to obtain gametophyte
2 distinct gametophyte
Male anthridia
structural paraphyses
Female archegonia
swollen venter egg
Sperm swims through archegomium canal to fert
Sporophyte
Caplytra or operculum cap for dispersal
sometimes peristome teeth
Gameto and Sporophyte Independant
Lycophyte
Heterospory- diff sizes
Sporphyte
Strobili with sporophylls containing sporangia
Microsprorangia
male spores
large quantity produced
megasporangia
female spores
only 4 spores produced
Germinate in spore walls
microgametophyte turns into sperm, enters wall opening to archegonia
Monoliophyte
ferns
Sporphyte
sproangia underleaf in sori
protected by insidum
Annulus around spores
Gametophyte
prothallus
anthridia and archgonia
heart shape
water fert
Distinction
heteryspory in lycophytes
Lycophyte gametophyte in wall, not free
Sporophyte Dominant
Angiosperms
Sporophyte
in seed
matures into flower
Flower
Stamen
Anthers with microsporangia
pollen disperses to carpel
Carpel
ovules with megagametophyte
Embry sac after fert
3 antipodal, 2 nuclei, one egg, 2 synergids
Gametophyte
microscopic and dependant
Flowers
Double fertilization
results in zygote and triploid endosperm
endosperm feeds embryo
gymnosperm
Sporophyte
in a seed
Strobili or cones
male cones make pollen for airdispersal
Female cone has single megagametophyte
multipe archegonia with egg
Fert happens when pollen falls on cone and pollen tube sucks it up
could take a year
Gametophyte
microscopic
Seeds
Origins
Fossil Evidence
Devonian Period
Partial Enclosure before integuments
Key innovations
Heterospory
differentiation of spores
integuments
protects megasporangium
Micropyle
Capture pollen
Nutritive tissue
nucellus and endosperm
Progymnosperms
Ovule from shoot apex
Steps
Heterospory
Mega and Microspore
Integuments
from telomes
for protection
2 integuments in angiospersm
Retention of megaspores
megaspores stay inside ovule
Only one megasporite
nutrient optimization
Endosporic
encloses spore, protection
Apex modification
micropyle
pollen capture
Embryo development
zygote - embryo
Microgametophytes
Early
free living in bryophytes
Size reduction
more pollen produced
water transport
development
gymno
tube and generative, 2 grains
angio
3 grains
dispersal
air bladder
Sperm delivery
pollen tube
Flagellet to non motile sperm
from swimming in water to pollen tube
Ovule Diversity
formation and position
Chazal megaspore lives
Gymno
archegonia retains
angio
embryo sac
3 antipodal
2 synergid
2 nuclei
egg
morphology
adaptations
integument
nucellus
nourishment for embryo
funcuilius
ovule to placenta
parent feeds child
gymno
one integument, prominant nucellus
angio
ovules enclosed
Seeds
double fertilization
Pollen lands on stigma, moves to ovule with tube
guided by synergid
synergid penetrated, releasing 2 sperm cells
first sperm fuses with egg making zygote
other combines with 2 polar nuclei
creates endosperm
diversity
gym - naked
angio-fruit
double fert
monocots
one cotyledon- seed leaf
thin coat
eudicots
2 seed leaves
thick coat
Flowers
Origin
from shoot bearing sporophylls
early reproduction
early- spiral petals
derived- 4 petals 6 stamen
Primitive- radial, Modern- bilateral
Basic structure
Calyx and Sepals
base of flower petals, can photosynthesize
tepals if same color
Corolla and petals
attract pollinators
Perianth
Androecium
Male house
Stamen
filament and anther
pollen
exine
tapetume- nutrition
Gynoecium
female house
carpels
stigma at top
style stalk
ovary
Recepticle
thick stalk right before flower
Structure Modifications
superior ovary
above other worls
inferior ovary
below into recepticle
Hypogenous
ovary bottom
epigenyous
ovary top
perigeny
middle
perfect or hermaphroditic
imperfect
missing parts
stamenillate
Andromonecy
pistilatte
gymnoamency
trimonecious
pollination and trait modification
Trait changes
color
scent
roses have glands
shape
radial or bilateral
bloom time
rewards
nectar, pollen, lipids or oils
syndromes
abiotic
Anemophily
wind
not much color, pollen
Hydrophily
water
biotic
Melittophily
bee
zygomorphic lanidng pad
psycophily
butterfly
phalenophily
moth
night tube
myo or sapromyphily
flys
orthinophily
birds
tubular
chiropetrophily
bats
Canathophily
beetle
deception
sex
fruit
carpal embryo expands into fruit
ovary wall thickins
exocarp- out
mesocarp- edible
endocarp-core
accessory tissues
carpals
simple and aggregate
parthenocarpy
monocot- hard layer
eudicot soft
Fruit and seed dispersal
Amenochory- wind
hydrochory-water
zoochory- animal
autochory- self explosion
