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Homework Chapters 9-10 - Coggle Diagram
Homework Chapters 9-10
CHAPTER 10: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
10.1: Photosynthesis feeds the biosphere
PHOTOSYNTHESIS - conversion process that transforms the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules
AUTOTROPHS - self feeders, sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other living beings. produce their organic molecules from CO2/other inorganic raw materials
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS - organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances
HETEROTROPHS - unable to make their own food, live on compounds produced by other organisms. consumers.
10.2: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY - the original chloroplast was a photosynthetic prokaryote that lived inside an ancestor of eukaryotic cells
MESOPHYLL - the tissue in the interior of the leaf
STOMATA - microscpic pores
CHLOROPHYLL - green pigment that gives leaves their color, resides in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
LIGHT REACTIONS & CALVIN CYCLE- 2 stages of photosynthesis
NADP+ - light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of the electrons and hydrogen ions from water to an acceptor called NADP+ where they are temporarily stored
NADPH - light reactions use solar energy to reduce NADP+ to NADPH by adding a pair of electrons and an H+
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION - light reactions generate ATP, using chemiosmosis to power the addition of a phosphate group to ADP
CARBON FIXATION - initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds
10.3: The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
WAVELENGTH - distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves waves
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM - range of radiation from less than a nanometer to more than kilometer
VISIBLE LIGHT - radiation band from about 380 nm to 740 nm, detected as various colors by human eye
PHOTONS - discrete particles that act like objects in that each of them have a fixed quantity of energy
SPECTROPHOTOMETER - instrument used to measure the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light
ABSORPTION SPECTRUM - graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength
CHLOROPHYLL A - key light capturig pigment that participates directly in the light reactions
CHLOROPHYLL B - separate group of accessory pigments called carotenoids
ACTION SPECTRUM - profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelenghts of radiation in driving the process
the thylakoid membrane is populated by 2 tyes photosystems that cooperate in the light reactions of photosynthesis: PHOTOSYSTEM 1 and PHOTOSYSTEM II
10.4: The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar
GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE (G3P) - carbohydrate produced directly from calvin cycle
RUBISCO (RuBP) - enzyme that catalyzes first step of calvin cycle
3 PHASES OF CALVIN CYCLE - carbon fixaiton, reduction, regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
10.5: Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates
PHOTORESPIRATION - A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output
C3 PLANTS - A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate carbon dioxide into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
CAM PLANTS (crassulacean acid metabolism) - plants that use CAM- CO2 enter open stomata during night because closed during day
10.6: Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth: a review
CHAPTER 9: CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION
9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
FERMENTATION - catabolic process that's a partial degradation of sugars/organic fuels that occurs without the use of oxygen
AEROBIC RESPIRATION - most efficient catabolic pathways in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
CELLULAR RESPIRATION - catabolic pathways of an/aerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain to produce ATP.
OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS(REDOX REACTIONS) - chemical reaction of the transfer of 1 or more electrons from one reaction to another
OXIDATION - loss of electrons from one substance
REDUCTION - addition of electrons to another substance
REDUCING AGENT - the electron donor, reduces Y-which accepts the donated electron
OXIDIZING AGENT - the electron acceptor, oxidizes X by removing its electron
NAD+ - oxidized form of coenzyme
NADH - reduced form of coenzyme
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN - consists of molecules (mostly proteins) built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
GLYCOLYSIS - happens in the cytosol, begins the degradation process by breaking glucose into 2 molecules of a compound called pyruvate
CITRIC ACID CYCLE - breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION - mode of ATP synthesis powered by the redox reactions of the ETC
SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION - mode of ATP synthesis occurs when an enzyme transfers a posphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP as in oxidative phosphorylation
9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
glucose (6 Carbon sugar) is split into two three carbon sugars -> smaller sugars then oxidized and remaining atoms rearranged to form 2 molecules of puruvate
net energy yield from glycolysis per glucose molecule -> 2 ATP plus 2 NADH
9.3: After pyruvate is oxidized, the citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
ACETYL COA - when pyruvate enters mitochondrion via active transport, it is first converted to a compound called acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)
9.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
CYTOCHROMES - proteins, most of the remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen
CHEMIOSMOSIS - process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP
PROTON-MOTIVE FORCE - the H+ gradient that emphasizes the capacity of the gradient to perform work
9.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
in ALCOHOL FERMENTATION - pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps.
FIRST STEP - releases CO2 from the pyruvate which is converted to the 2 carbon compound acetaldehyde
SECOND STEP - ectaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION - pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as an end product, regenerating NAD+ with no release of CO2
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES - organisms that only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES - organisms that make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation/respiration
9.6: Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
BETA OXIDATION - metabolic sequence that breaks the fatty acids down to 2 carbon fragments which enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA
