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animal physiology part 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - osmoregulator - to control internal osmolarity independent of that of the external environment
      - osmoconformer - to be isoosmotic with its surroundings
    - - freshwater fish - gain water through osmosis and excrete large amounts of dilute urine
      - marine fish - drink sea water and excrete salt ions from gills and urine from kidneys
  - - - filtration - body fluids filtrate
      - reabsorption - useful substances returned to blood
      - secretion - toxins and ions added to filtrate
      - excretion - urine is released from body
    - - uric acid - relatively nontoxic; doesn't really dissolve in water
        
        birds and many other reptiles, insects, and land snails
      - ammonia - very toxic; low concentrations; needs lots of water
        
        most aquatic animals and most bony fishes
      - urea - very low toxicity; high water solubility; energy cost
        
        mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fish
    - - protonephridia
        
        flatworms; flame bulbs filter fluid
      - metanephridia
        
        most annelids; open tubules in each segment
      - malpighian tubules
        
        insects and other terrestrial arthropods; removes nitrogenous waste from hemolymph
      - kidneys
        
        vertebrates and some chordates; organ for filtration and reabsorption
  - - - proximal tubule - reabsorbs NaCL, water, glucose, and amino acids
      - decending loop of henle - premeable to water
      - ascending loop of henle - impermeable to water
      - distal tubule - regulates ions and pH
      - collecting duct - final process in filtration
  - - - From posterior pituitary
      - Increases aquaporins in collecting duct , more water reabsorbed
      - Triggered by high blood osmolarity
    - - Low blood pressure , kidney releases renin , angiotensin II , vasoconstriction, and aldosterone release
      - Aldosterone increases Na⁺ and water reabsorption in distal tubule
    - - Released by atria when blood volume high
      - Opposes RAAS , reduces Na⁺ and water reabsorption , lowers pressure
- - - - water soluble ; cant cross membrane
      - bind to receptors on cell surface
      - fast response
      - insulin, growth hormone, epinephrine
    - - lipid soluble ; pass through membrane easily
      - bind to receptors inside cell
      - slow response
      - estrogen, testosterone
  - - - Hypothalamus - links nervous & endocrine systems
      - Posterior Pituitary
        
        – ADH - water reabsorption (kidneys)
        
        – Oxytocin - labor & milk release
      - Anterior Pituitary
        
        GH - growth of bones/tissues
        
        TSH - stimulates thyroid
        
        ACTH - stimulates adrenal cortex
        
        FSH/LH - egg/sperm production and sex hormones
        
        Prolactin - milk production
        
        MSH - stimulates melanin
    - - TH - regulates metabolic rate
      - Calcitonin - takes calcium from blood and puts it in bones
      - PTH - breaks down your bones to increase blood calcium
    - - Insulin - lowers blood glucose
      - Glucagon - triggers the release of sugars from glycogen stored in liver
    - - melatonin - regulates sleep
      - thymosin - stimulates production of different T cells
      - estrogen - female development and stimulates follicle development
      - progesteron - prevents shedding of uterus lining
      - testosterone - male development and stimulates sperm development
    - - cortex
        
        mineralocorticoids - regulate minerals (sodium, potassium)
        
        glucocorticoids - regulates sugar helps break down fats
      - medulla
        
        epinephrine - triggers flight or fight
        
        norepinephrine - triggers flight or fight