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CHP9-CHP10 Interrelation and Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration -…
CHP9-CHP10 Interrelation and Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration (aerobic) [uses organic molecues O₂ → makes ATP] in Mitochondria
Stage 1 Glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Breaks glucose -> Pyruvate
Products: 2 ATP + NADH
With or without O₂
Stage 2 Citric Acid Cycle (krebs Cycle)
Oxidizes Pyruvate Fuel
Products: CO₂ + ATP ⚡ + NADH + FADH₂ 💪
Runs twice per glucose
Stage 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain + Chemiosmosis
Produced up to 32 ATP ⚡
Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration [Energy without oxygen, ATP Yield: Only 2 ATP
Final Electron Acceptor: Organic Moleclule (Pyruvate or Acetaldehyde)
Type 1 Alcohol Fermentation
Pyruvate Pyruvate → Ethanol + CO₂
Type 2 Latic Acid and Fermentation
Pyruvate → Lactate + NAD⁺ (No CO₂ released)
Photosynthesis: Light Reactions [Converts light into chemical enegry] in thylakoids in chloroplast
Process 1
Splitting H₂O
Gives e⁻ + H⁺
By-product: O₂ released
Process 2
H⁺ gradient → powers ATP synthase → makes ATP ⚡
Photophosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)
Process 3
Linear Electron Flow
Photosystems 2 (P680) + Photosystems 1 (P700)
Reduces NADP⁺ → NADPH
Converts solar Energy into chemical Energy
Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle [Builds Sugars Anabolic] in Stroma of Chloroplast
Inputs CO₂ + ATP ⚡ + NADPH
Step 1 Carbon Fixation
CO₂ incorporated → organic molecules
C₄ Plants: Alternate fixation pathway (4-carbon compound)
Outputs: G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
2 G3Ps → 1 Glucose
Chromiosmosis: Energy Coupling
Protons-Motvie force: H⁺ gradient
H⁺ flows through ATP synthase
Synthase converts ADP → ATP (phosphorylation)
Glucose → NADH → ETC → Proton gradient → ATP
Metabolic Connections: Versatillity of catabolism
Carbohydrates
Proteins → amino acids → deamination
ats → β-oxidation → Acetyl CoA
💥 Fat oxidation → >2× ATP of carbs