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Osmoregulation, Excretion, Hormones, and the Endocrine system - Coggle…

- - - - Can change if someone consumes to much salt
  - - - Terrestrial
        
        Keep water in
      - Freshwater fish
        
        Get water out
      - Marine fish
        
        Keep water in and regulate the salt
  - - - Called hydro Biosis
  - - - Ammonia
        
        Aquatic animals
      - Uric acid
        
        Birds and Reptiles
      - Urea
        
        Mammall, Humans
  - - - Liquid from the blood gets moved into the bowman’s capsule
    - - Take back the Ions you want to keep
    - - Getting the now formed urine out the body
    - - Getting rid of the stuff you didn't throw away the first time (proteins, medications, etc.)
    - - Vampire Bat
        
        Cause they consume blood they pee a bunch
        
        Pee a bunch so they can fly again
      - Birds/Reptiles
        
        Produce Uric Acid but they reabsorbed water in the cloaca
      - Freshwater fish/Amphibians
        
        Produce lots of diluted urine (Pee all the time)
      - Marine fish
        
        Don’t excrete a lot cuz they want to keep the water in
        
        Excrete some of their waste by their gills
  - - - when you are trying to keep the water in
- - - - Chemical messengers specifically of the brain
      - Central nervous system and nerves
      - How neurons talk to each other
      - Emotional state is controlled by the chemicals that are being released that the brain and trigger different neurons
      - Dopamine
        
        What drives addiction
    - - Chemical signals that travel through your body
      - Steroids
        
        Lipid based chemicals
        
        Estrogen and Testosterone
        
        Abusing these can affect all the cells
        
        Nonpolar
        
        Can pass through cell membranes
      - Polypeptides
        
        Patial proteins (small version of a protein
        
        Are mostly polypeptides
        
        Only affect the cells that have receptors
      - Insulin
        
        Comes from bacteria
        
        Uses CRISPER to transform a gene from one organism and puts it into another
    - - Slightly modified amino acids
        
        Can sometimes be used as chemical messengers
    - - Gases like nitrous oxide
        
        Laughing gas
      - ATP
      - Neuroendocrine
        
        How the brain talks to your endocrine system
        
        Three-part process
        
        Hypothalamus talking to your pituitary which then talks to other glands
  - - - Glands that secret chemical to your blood
        
        Thyroid gland)
        
        Pancreas when secreting insulin
    - - Glands that secret to either the outside of the body or to tubes that lead outside the body
        
        Sweat glands
        
        pancreas when secreting enzymes
    - - Chemicals that only affect the nearby cells
    - - Chemical secreted by a cell that affects itself
        
        Self-triggering cell
        
        secretion from a cell that comes back to trigger that cell to do something
  - - - Act on cell membrane receptors
      - Proteins, Amens Peptides
      - Can activate fast if it has a receptor
      - Doesn't go into the cell
      - 1 molecule of hormone binding the receptor sending the G proteins to some enzyme which leads to a reaction
    - - Steroids
      - Non-polar
      - Enters every cell
      - Binds directly to the DNA which either activates or turns off the gene
  - - - Increases metabolic activity
      - Causes something to happen
    - - Slow down or stop the metabolic activity
      - Off hormones
    - - Hormone that increases the effect of another hormone
      - Amplifying effect
    - - Hormone that cancels out another hormone
  - - - To much of a hormone causes the cell to reduce receptors
      - Body tries to reduce sensitivity to drug or medicine which causes the dosage needed to go up
    - - When you don't produce enough of a hormone cells become extra sensitive and make more receptors
      - More sensitive down regulation
      - Makes a person more sensitive to something than another person might
  - - - Growth hormones relaxing hormone
      - Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
      - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
      - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
      - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
      - Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
      - Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
        (dopamine)
  - - - Front portion of pituitary, located in sphenoid bone behind nasal cavity below hyptothalamus
        
        Growth hormone
        
        Stimulates mitosis (makes you grow)
        
        Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
        
        Stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone
        
        Stimulates cortex
        
        Adrino Cortico Tropic Hormone (ACT)
        
        Tells the adrino gland to do something
        
        FSH and LH
        
        Stimulate egg or sperm production
        
        Prolactin
        
        Triggers lactation
        
        Milactin stimulating hormone
        
        Stimulates melanin production
        
        Melanin is the pigment of our skin, hair, and eye's
    - - Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are actually produced by hypothalamus
        
        Oxytocin
        
        Triggers contractions and milk release
        
        Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
        
        Non-peeing hormone
  - - - Calcitonin
        
        Takes calcium from your blood and deposists it into your bones
      - Thyroid hormone
        
        Controls metabolic rate
  - - - Herathroid hormone
        
        Breaks down bones to release calcium into your blood
  - - - Outer part of the adrenal gland above the kidney
      - Gluco cortocoids
        
        Helps balance sugar in blood
        
        Helps turn fat into sugar
      - Gonado cortocoids
        
        Small amounts of hormones that mimic estrogen and testosterone
      - Mineralocorticoids
        
        How we balance the ions that are important to the body
    - - Center of the adrenal gland
      - Epinephrine/Adrenaline
        
        Triggers fight or flight reaction
      - Norepinephrine
        
        Triggers fight or flight reaction
  - - - Glucagon
        
        Antagonist
        
        Releases glucose into the bloodfrom where it's stored in the liver
        
        Increases blood sugar
      - Insulin
        
        Triggers cells to take up blood sugar
        
        Gets sugar from the blood into your cells
        
        Reduces blood sugar
  - - - Abdominal pelvic cavity
        
        Estrogen
        
        Triggers female characteristics
        
        Triggers follicle development
        
        Progesterone
        
        Prevents the shedding of the uterus lining
        
        Anti-menstruation
    - - Located in the scrotom
        
        Testosterone
        
        Triggers male characteristics
        
        Promotes the development of sperm
  - - - Melatonin
        
        Triggers your time to fall asleep
  - - - Thymosin
        
        Triggers the development of T cells