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chapter 9 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Is a redox process in which H₂O is oxidized and CO₂ is reduced
        
        an endergonic process; the energy boost is provided by light
    - - reduce the electron acceptor NADP⁺ to NADPH
        
        Generate ATP from ADP by phosphorylation
        
        The Calvin cycle begins with carbon fixation, incorporating CO₂ into organic molecules
  - - - light harvesting complex- consists of various pigment molecules bound to proteins
        
        primary electron acceptor- in the reaction center accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result
        
        Cyclic electron flow- photo excited electrons cycle back from Fd to the cytochrome complex instead of being transferred to NADP⁺
        
        electrons are passed through the P700 chlorophyll in the PS I reaction center via the plastocyanin molecule (pc)
        
        Produces ATP but no NADPH or oxygen results from this process
        
        Only using Photosystem I
        
        Carbon enter the cycle as CO₂ and leaves as a sugar named glyceraldehyde 3-phospate (G3P)
  - - - In photorespiration, rubisco binds with O₂ instead of CO₂ producing a two-carbon compound
- - - - releasing CO₂ from pyruvate
      - produces NAD+ and ethanol
- - - - Kreb cycle(citric acid cycle)
        
        Electron Transport Chain (ETC) + Chemiosmosis
        
        An electron transport chain consists of a series of
        molecules built into the inner membrane of the
        mitochondria (or plasma membrane of prokaryotes)
        
        During oxidative phosphorylation the electron
        transfer chain and chemiosmosis facilitate
        synthesis of most of the cell’s ATP
        
        H+ moves into binding sites on the rotor of ATP
        synthase, causing it to spin in a way that catalyzes
        phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
        
        his is an example of chemiosmosis, the use of
        energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
        
        The H+ gradient is referred to as a proton-motive
        force, emphasizing its capacity to do work
        
        Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
        complete the breakdown of glucose to CO₂
      - Pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl
        CoA) before entering the citric acid cycle
- - - - Fatty Acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield acetyl CoA, NADH, and FADH
        
        An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate