Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

CHAPTER 9 AND 10 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - AUTOGRAPHS VS. HETEROTROPHS
        
        autotrophs ("self-feeders")
        
        make their own food
        
        use sunlight + CO2 to make sugars
        
        producers at bottom of food chain
        
        examples
        
        plants, green algae, cyanobacteria
        
        heterotrophs
        
        "other-feeders"
        
        must consume food
        
        cannot make sugar on their own
        
        depends on autotrophs for oxygen and food
        
        examples
        
        humans
        
        animals
        
        fungi
      - LEAF AND CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE
        
        leaf
        
        mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts
        
        stomata = pores for gas exchange
        
        CO2 enters
        
        O2 exists
        
        chloroplasts
        
        outer membrane
        
        inner membrane
        
        stroma = fluid space
        
        thylakoid = membrane sacs
        
        geranium = stack of thylakoids
        
        thylakoid space = inside thylakoid
      - PHOTOSYNTHESIS EQUATION
        
        light + 6CO2+ 6H2- glucose+ 6O2
        
        reverse of cellular respiration
        
        CO2 is reduced to sugar
        
        H2o is oxidized to oxygen
      - TWO STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
        
        light reactions (in thylakoid membranes)
        
        inputs: light and H2O
        
        outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH
        
        water is split
        
        oxygen released
        
        ATP and NADPH generated for Calvin cycle
        
        Calvin cycle (in stroma)
        
        inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH
        
        output: sugar(CH2O)
        
        ADDS HYDROGEN FROM NADPH to carbon from CO2
        
        uses ATP energy to build sugar
      - PIGMENTS AND LIGHT
        
        light - energy from the sun
        
        visible light- part we see
        
        chlorophyll a - main pigment
        
        chlorophyll b - helper pigment
        
        carotenoids - accessory pigments, protect chlorophyll
        
        plants are green because green light is reflected
      - LIGHT REACTIONS DETAILS (THYLAKOID)
        
        photophotosystem II (P680)
        
        absorbs light
        
        splits water
        
        releases O2
        
        sends electrons to ETC
        
        electron transport chain
        
        electron move through proteins
        
        H+ pumped into thylakoid space
        
        crrates H= gradient
        
        ATP synthase
        
        H+ flows back across membrane
        
        produces ATP (chemiosmosis
        
        photosystem I (P700)
        
        re-excites electrons
        
        transfers electrons to NADP+ - NADPH
        
        outputs of light reactions
        
        o2 (waste)
        
        ATP (energy)
        
        NADPH (electron/hydrogen carrier)
      - CALVIN CYCLE DETAILS (STROMA)
        
        CO2 enters through stomata
        
        NADPH donates hydrogen
        
        ATP supplies energy
        
        produces sugar (CH2O) building blocks
- - - - GLYCOLYSIS (IN CYTOPLASM)
        
        Definition: First step that breaks glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
        
        Energy Investment Phase
        
        Cell uses 2 ATP to get reaction started
        
        “You have to spend money to make money”
        
        Energy Payoff Phase
        
        4 ATP produced
        
        Net gain = 2 ATP
        
        Electron Carrier Produced: NAD⁺ → NADH
        
        NADH carries electrons to later steps
        
        End Products
        
        2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH
        
        If O₂ IS available: pyruvate moves into mitochondria
        
        if O₂ is NOT available: goes to Fermentation
      - PYRUVATE OXIDATION (MOVING INTO MITOCHONDRIA)
        
        Pyruvate (3-C) is converted into Acetyl-CoA (2-C)
        
        Releases CO₂ (waste gas)
        
        Makes NADH (another electron carrier)
        
        Acetyl-CoA enters the next stage → Citric Acid Cycle
        
        transporting pyruvate into mitochondria uses energy
      - CITRIC ACID CYCLE (KREBS CYCLE) (MITOCHONDRIA MATRIX)
        
        Definition: Cycle that completes the breakdown of glucose remains
        
        Acetyl-CoA enters cycle
        
        Produces per glucose:
        
        NADH (high-energy electron carrier)
        
        FADH₂ (another electron carrier)
        
        ATP (small amount)
        
        CO₂ (waste gas)
        
        Main Purpose: load NADH & FADH₂ with electrons
        
        These go to the Electron Transport Chain
      - OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
        
        Electron Transport Chain + Chemiosmosis)
        (inner mitochondrial membrane
        
        Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
        
        NADH & FADH₂ drop off electrons
        
        Electrons move down protein chain
        
        H⁺ ions are pumped across membrane → creates gradient
        
        Oxygen (O₂) is the final electron acceptor
        
        Forms water (H₂O)
        
        If no Oxygen → ETC stops
        
        CHEMIOSMOSIS
        
        If no Oxygen → ETC stops
        
        ATP Synthase spins like a turbine
        
        Produces a lot of ATP
        
        This ATP is called Oxidative Phosphorylation ATP
      - FERMENTATION (NO OXYGEN)
        
        Only 2 ATP produced
        
        Only Glycolysis runs
        
        Purpose: Recycle NADH → NAD⁺
        
        Keeps glycolysis going
        
        Types of Fermentation
        
        Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle cells)
        
        Lactic Acid Fermentation (muscle cells)
        
        Happens during intense exercise (low oxygen)
        
        Alcohol Fermentation (yeast)
        
        Pyruvate → Acetaldehyde → Ethanol + CO₂
        
        Used in bread rising & alcohol production
      - AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC REPIRATION
        
        Aerobic Respiration
        
        Oxygen present
        
        Oxygen = final electron acceptor
        
        Includes ETC and Chemiosmosis
        
        Anaerobic Respiration
        
        No oxygen
        
        Uses alternative final electron acceptors
        
        Fermentation is NOT the same as anaerobic respiration
        
        Fermentation = no ETC, just glycolysis + NAD⁺ recycling
      - BIG PICTURE ENERGY FLOW
        
        Glucose (high energy) → broken down stepwise
        
        Electrons captured by NADH & FADH₂
        
        Electrons drive proton gradient
        
        Proton gradient powers ATP Synthase
        
        ATP = immediately usable energy