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Effects of Prior Knowledge on Memory: Implications for education - Coggle…
Effects of Prior Knowledge on Memory: Implications for education
1) A definition of prior knowledge
Memory schemas by Ghosh and Gilboa (with four principles)
Principles of accodomation and assimilation by Piaget
How do children evolve their knowledge (rejecting children's presuppositions)
Interaction between new and prior informations is the basis for the knowledge acquisition
2) Cognitive Mechanisms underlying the effects of prior knowledge on memory processing
Principle 1: Prior knowledge facilitates new information processing providing a structure where new information can be integrated
Thanks to five mechanisms
Selection
Abstraction
Interpretation
Integration
Reconstruction
Principle 2: Prior knowledge needs to be activated
Importance of retrivial context (not only important possessing informations)
2) Developmental differences in the cognitive effects of prior knowledge on memory processing
Difference between
Mechanics of cognition
Developmental status of the brain
Pragmatics of cognition
Culture-based bodies of knowledge
Affects how information is understood an remembered
Decrease knowledge-inconsistent errors (PRO)
Incongruent new information was ignored (bias)
Increase knowledge-consistent errors (CON)
Difference between accessibility and availability
3) Neuroocognitive mechanisms underlying the effects of prior knowledge on memory processing
Differences in PFC
Lateral part of PFC
Knowledge use and formation associative memories (more dorsal part)
Retrivial of schema-incongruent information
Generalization across episodes
Medial part of PFC
Detecting congruency between new and prior knowledge
Bias hippocampus activity
Retrivial of schema-congruent information
Separation across episodes
Memory consolidation and shifting to neocortex
Prior knowledge facilitate it
Offline memory reactivation during sleep
4) Developmental differences in the neurocognitive effects of prior knowledge on memory processing
Shifting from posterior brain activation (children) to anterior brain activation (adults)
Even if amount of available knowledge is equalized
Age-related difference in using perceptual and concept based processes
Medial PFC activation was reduced (more hippocampal activity)
5) Potential Implications for educational settings
Prefrontal immaturity and hippocampal processing (see point above)
Educational settings where there is prior knowledge activation in classroom settings
Psychological and behavioural basis
Consider individual developmental status
Difference in how to present materials in university and high school
Different amount of support to activate available prior knowledge
Brain changes in connectivity between hippocampus and neocortex
Memory-based problem solving supports
From manipulatives to retrivial
Need to test age-related changes
Importance of sleep in memory consolidation
Children obtein more (perhaps) due to higher proportion of slow-wave brain activity
More vulnerable catastrophic levels of memory interference
Possible educational interventions
Specific teaching techniques or improving sleep quality