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Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration & Fermentation Chapter 10-…
Chapter 9- Cellular Respiration & Fermentation
Chapter 10- Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Process that converts solar energy into chemical energy within chloroplasts
Sites
CO2 enters and O2 exits the leaf through microscopic pores called stomata
xylem→ H2O which goes up; phloem→ glucose, CO2 which goes down
Thylakoids are connected sacs in the chloroplast that compose a third membrane system; Chlorophyll pigment that gives leaves a green color
Chlorophyll a, the key light-capturing pigment that participates directly in light reactions, chlorophyll b, an accessory pigment, carotenoids are a separate accessory pigment (fall colors)
spectrophotometer measures a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths; absorption spectrum is a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelengths
Photosynthesis is a redox process, because H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced; Photosynthesis is also an endergonic process because the energy boost is provided by light
linear electron flow is the primary pathway, involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
Cyclic electron flow, photoexcited electrons cycle back from Fd to the cytochrome complex instead of being transferred to NADP+
A photosystem consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes, The reaction-center complex is an association of proteins holding a special pair of chlorophyll a molecule and primary electron acceptor, Light harvesting complex consists of various pigment molecules bound to proteins
Photosystem II is called P680 because its reaction-center chlorophyll a is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 680 nm; Photosystem I is called P700 because its reaction-center chlorophyll a is best at absorb light with a wavelength of 700 nm
Stages
Calvin Cycle
occurs in the stroma, doesn't require light energy, ATP & NADPH are converted in G3P which is a precursor to glucose
Light Dependent Reactions
occurs in the thylakoid membrane, continuous supply of light, water is converted into O2, converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP & NADPH
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis→ pyruvate oxidation→ kreb cycle or citric acid cycle→ Electron Transport Chain (ETC) & chemiosmosis
Reactants: glucose and 2 ATP in glycolysis, 2 pyruvates in pyruvate oxidation, 2 acetyl CoA in kreb cycle, 10 NADH and 2 FADH2 in ETC & chemiosmosis
Products: 4 ATP, 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH in glycolysis, 2 Acetyl Co-A, 2 CO2 & 2 NADH in pyruvate oxidation, 6 NADH, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2 in kreb cycle, approximately 32-38 ATP are produced in ETC & chemiosmosis
Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Aerobic and catabolic pathway
Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules, oxygen & yields ATP
NADH & FADH2 are high carrying energy carrying molecules
Hydrogen has a lot of potential energy
ETC & chemiosmosis-oxidative phosphorylation
happens in the inner membrane
Obligate Vs Facultative
Obligate anaerobes are obligated to go through CR without oxygen while Facultative anaerobes can undergo CR w/ or w/o oxygen
electron donor=reducing agent; electron acceptor= oxidizing agent
oxidation reduction reaction (redox)
OIL (oxidation is losing)
RIG (reduction is gaining)
occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria
Fermentation
Partial degradation of sugars that occurs without oxygen
anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than oxygen
extension of glycolysis that oxidizes NADH by transferring electrons to pyruvate
two types of fermentation; plants use alcohol fermentation and animals use lactic acid fermentation
lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate & NAD+
