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Black Power Movement and Black Panther Party - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Some believed MLK's non-violent protest was "too moderate"
      - Wanted to "accelerate the pace of change"
    - - Lived in slum housing (ghettos)
      - Attended under-resourced schools
      - Inadequate public transport to jobs
    - - 1/3 of Black families lived below the poverty level (1967)
      - Death rate for Black babies was twice as high as for white babies
  - - - Belief that the use of force was justified to gain social, political, and economic power
      - Defined by Stokely Carmichael as a "call for black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organisations
    - - Instilled a feeling of "racial pride and self-worth"
      - Encouraged pride in African heritage
      - Expressed through African dress and Afro hairstyles
    - - Malcolm X argued that African Americans "must fight for equal rights, even if this meant using violence"
      - Black Panthers stated that African Americans "should carry guns to defend themselves
    - - Early Life: Inspired to join the CRM by the bravery of sit-in protestors
      - Activism: Became a member of SNCC and a Freedom Rider
      - Shift in Ideology: Allegiance to non-violence changed in 1966 after James Meredith was shot
      - "Black Power": He popularized the slogan during the "Walk Against Fear"
      - Key Figure - Malcolm X
        
        Early Life: Father was killed by white racists; turned to crime and was jailed
        
        Nation of Islam (NOI): Joined the NOI in prison. Became a charismatic leader who advocated for the separation of Black and white Americans
        
        Change of Ideology:
        
        Went on a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca
        
        Saw Muslims of all colours integrating peacefully
        
        Realised that integration was possible
        
        Later Life: Founded the Organisation of Afro-American Unity (1964). Assassinated on 21 February 1965
        
        Key Organisation - The Black Panther Party (BPP)
        
        Founders: Huey Newton and Bobby Searle (1966)
        
        Initial Goal: "Party for Self Defence" to protect Black neighbourhoods from police brutality
        
        Militant Action:
        
        Carried loaded weapons in public (until the law was changed)
        
        Involved in police shoot-outs
        
        FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover called them the "greatest threat to the internal security"
        
        Community Programmes (10-Point Programme)
        
        "Free Breakfast for Children" programme
        
        Clinics for free medical care
        
        Tutoring schemes to help students
        
        Demanded full employment, decent housing, and an end to police brutalit
        
        Impact & Gains
        
        Symbolic Protests:
        
        1968 Olympics: Tommie Smith and John Carlos gave the Black Power salute during the national anthem
        
        Result: They were stripped of their medals and banned from future Olympics
        
        Short-Term Gains:
        
        The confrontational approach led to race riots (e.g., Watts Riots, 1965)
        
        These riots successfully highlighted discrimination in the northern states
        
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        Long-Term Gains:
        
        Instilled a lasting sense of Black pride
        
        Song by James Brown: "Say it loud – I'm black and I'm proud"
        
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        Conclusion:
        
        Despite these achievements, "the struggle against racial discrimination in the USA continues"