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Chapter 9 & 10 Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis - Coggle…
Chapter 9 & 10 Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis
Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP
Aerobic respiration: Consumes organic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP
Fermentation: Partial degradation of sugars that occur without oxygen
Anaerobic respiration: Consume compounds other than oxygen
Cellular respiration
Chemiosmosis: Creates a gradient to make ATP the cells main energy source
ATP Synthase: H+ moves down its concentration gradient back across the membrane and passes through the protein complex
Electron Transport Chain: Consists of a series of molecules built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Oxidation Phosphorylation: Produces almost 90% of ATP
Steps of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis: breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
Pyruvate Oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle: completes the breakdown the glucose to O2
Fermentation: Oxidizes pyruvate
Alcohol Fermentation: Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and releases CO2 gas
Lactic Acid Fermentation: Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to from lactate and NAD+
Facultative Anaerobes: Survive using cellular respiration or fermentation
Obligate anaerobes: Carry out fermentation and cannot survive in presence of 02
Redox Reactions: Transfer of electrons during a chemical change
Oxidation: Loss of electrons from a substance
Oxidizing agent: electron acceptor and oxidizes the electron donor
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Fuel molecules are oxidized an. O2 is reduced
Reduction: Gain of electrons to a substance
Reducing agent: electron donor and reduces the electron acceptor
Photosynthesis: The Process of using solar energy into chemical energy
Chloroplasts: Organelles that allows for chemical reactions to occur by photosynthesis
Stroma: Fluid around the chloroplast
Thylakoids: Connected sacs that compose a third membrane system
Chlorophyll: Pigment that gives leaves their green color and resides in the thylakoids membrane
Chlorophyll a, Key capturing pigment that participates directly to light reactions
Chlorophyll b, accessory pigment
Mesophyll: where chloroplast are mainly found in the interior of the cells
Bundle Sheath Cells: Cells around in sheath around leaf veins
Light Reactions: In the Thylakoids and reduces the NADP+ to NADPH
Photophosphorylation: Generate ATP from ADP
Photosystem: Consist of a reaction center surrounded by light harvesting complexes
Reaction center-complex: association of protiens holding a pair of chlorophyll
Primary electron acceptor: In the reaction center which accepts excited electrons and is reduced as a result
PS I: Prefers to absorb 700 nm of light
PSII: P680nm of light it prefers to absorb
Linear Electron Flow: Primary pathway which involves both photosystem and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
Cyclic Electron Flow: Photoexcited electrons cycle back from Fd of the cytochrome complex instead of being transferred to NADPH_
Autotrophs: Self-feeders that sustain themselves without eating anything
Heterotrophs: Obtain organic material from other organisms :
Nature of Sunlight
Wavelength: Measure of distance between crest of electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic spectrum: Entire range of electromagnetic energy, or radiation
Visible light: Drives photosynthesis and produces color seen by the human eye
Photons: Discrete particles which has a fixed quanity of energy which is related to the wavelenght
Spectrophomemter: Measures a pigments ability to absorb various wavelengths
Absorption Spectrum: Graph plotting a pigments light absorption versus wavelength
Action spectrum: a profile of relative effectiveness of different violet and blue light
Calvin Cycle
G3P: Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as sugar
3 Turns of Calvin+ 1G3P ,2G3P=1 Glucose, 2 Turns of Kreb= 1 Breakdown of Glucose
Plants
CAM Plants: conserve water to fix carbon and open stoma at night
C3 Plants: Initial fixation of CO2 from 3 Carbon compound
Incorporating CO2 into 4 carbon compound