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🧠Pulse & Blood Pressure, 2. Blood Pressure (BP), 1. Pulse, Factors…
🧠Pulse & Blood Pressure
2. Blood Pressure (BP)
Definition:
The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels.
**Components:
Systolic Pressure: Max pressure during ventricular contraction.
Diastolic Pressure: Minimum pressure during relaxation.
Pulse Pressure: Difference between systolic and diastolic.
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): Average pressure driving blood flow.**
Normal Values:
~120/80 mmHg (adult at rest)
**Determinants:
Cardiac Output (CO): Heart rate × stroke volume
Peripheral Resistance: Vessel diameter and tone
Blood Volume & Viscosity
Elasticity of Arterial Walls
**
**Regulation Mechanisms:
Short-Term: Baroreceptor reflex (via medulla), autonomic nervous system.
Long-Term: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), kidney regulation, hormones (ADH, ANP).
**
**Measurement:
By Sphygmomanometer (mercury or aneroid).
Cuff applied on upper arm → artery occluded → measure systolic & diastolic via Korotkoff sounds.
Measured in mmHg.
**
**Factors Affecting BP:
Physiological: Age, sex, posture, exercise, emotions.
Pathological: Hypertension, hypotension, arteriosclerosis, shock, anemia.
**
**Abnormalities:
Hypertension: >140/90 mmHg — may cause stroke, heart failure, renal damage.
Hypotension: <90/60 mmHg — may cause dizziness, fainting, organ underperfusion.
**
1. Pulse
Definition:
Rhythmic expansion and recoil of an artery due to pressure changes during each heartbeat
Sites:
Radial, carotid, brachial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis, temporal
Normal Rate:
Adults: 60–100 bpm
Children: Faster; Elderly: Slower
**Characteristics:
Rate: Number of beats per minute
Rhythm: Regular or irregular
Volume: Strength or amplitude
Tension: Arterial wall resistance
Condition: Arterial elasticity**
Factors Affecting Pulse Rate:
Physiological: Age, sex, body temperature, exercise, emotions.
Pathological: Fever ↑, shock ↓, heart disease (arrhythmia, tachycardia).
**Clinical Importance:
Indicates cardiac activity and circulation.
Helps assess heart rate, rhythm, and vascular tone.
Detects abnormalities like tachycardia, bradycardia, irregular pulse.
**
*3. Relationship Between Pulse & BP
**Pulse reflects heart rate and rhythm; BP reflects the force of blood flow.
Both are influenced by cardiac output and vascular resistance.
Abnormal pulse or BP can indicate cardiovascular disorders.
**