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The Manchurian Crisis - Sept. 18, 1931 - - Coggle Diagram
The Manchurian Crisis - Sept. 18, 1931 -
- Interest -
Manchuria=
- more than 4x the size of Japan
- low population
- large amounts of resources that Japan lacked/had little of (cotton, vast forests, coal, iron, aluminum, gold, etc.)
- Part of China, had direct access to its markets + massive population
- seen as a place to relocate Japan's exteremley poor rural farmers
- Protection against communism -
- Soviet Union shared a 3200 km long border with Manchuria
- Japan's military reasoned that: taking control of Manchuria would make it less likely that the Soviet Union would foment com. unrest in region
- Manchuria more tightly controlled=less potential Soviet-Japanese conflict
- South Manchurian Railway (which was Japan's) -
- the railway justified Japan's military presence
- China began construction of rival railways (starting to operate at full capacity)
- would mean: decreased revenues for Japan, increased for China
- The Mukden Incident (18 sept. 1931) -
- Bomb exploded on South Manchurian Railway
- minor explosion (so trains could still use the railway)
- took place near garrison of Japanese soldiers protecting railway
- Japan blamed explosion on Chinese troops
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- after all areas along the South Manchurian Railway were under control, army moved west and north
- By Feb. 1932, only southern province of Manchuria remained out of Japan's control
- Japan's army was better trained and equipped than China's.
Proof = China had over 100 000 soldiers in southern province of Manchuria, and Japan had only 25 000
- KMT gov. of China ordered its troops not to resist the invasion
- Japan created illusion that they only helped Manchuria achieve independence from chaotic China
- Manchuria=presented as an independent state
New state of Manchukuo was established
Imperial army was created
comprehensive postal system, primary schools, national sports league created
- Japan sponsored Manchuko in applying for olympic membership
- Manchuko applied, was denied
----> Manchuko applied to be member of LoN-> was denied
----> Indicator that other countries saw Manch. as puppet state
- RESPONSES TO THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS
LoN
- China appealed to LoN
- LoN formed Lytton commission Dec. 1931 to investigate Mukden Incident and Japan's occupation
- Once report=completed + submitted, LoN would decide what action to take
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General assembly voted for Japan to be condemned as an aggressor nation
- everyone voted for it except Japan
- Japan withdrawal from LoN (Mar. 1933)
CHINA
- Chang Kai-Shek (the one who told troops not to resist invasion) forced to resign, so united government of various groups could respond to crisis
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Chiang wanted to keep Manchuria, but realized that Japan's military was too strong and more likely to win
Tanggu Truce (May 31, 1933)
- signed by China's gov.
- recognized Jehol and Manchuria were now under Japan's control
- promising not to fight to remove Japan from areas
- established a neutral zone between Japanese controlled territory and China's gov. (would later be violated by Japan bc of its expansion
USA
- Not part of LoN
- Semi-isolation policy
- Anti-war sentiments in pop.
- No political desire to increase taxation to support ships and troops
Had always enforced Open Door Policy
- (called for all nations to have equal access to China's markets)
- was concerned about economics of invasion, protested
Simpson Doctrine
- stated that USA would not recognize international border changes that resulted from war
- USA would continue with Open Door Policy
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SOVIET UNION
in no condition to get involved: nation suffering from starvation and revolts because of collectivization + industrialization campaign
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- JAPAN'S GOVERNMENT AFTER THE CRISIS
- Main concern= the army's disobedience
gov. ordered the arrest of perpetrators of Mukden incident, army refused
= government collapsed over inability to have military obey
next prime minister tried to assert authority over military
- survived 2 attempted assassinations after began negotiating with Chiang Kai-Shek to solve crisis
- May 15 incident 1932- PM killed + replaced by Navi admiral
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