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EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL INEQUALITIES - Coggle Diagram
EVIDENCE OF SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
CLASS
workplace
Mac an Ghail
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Deindustrialization has led to a crisis of masculinity amongst working class males as they face unemployment.
macho lads have anti school attitudes and only value physical strength. Deindustrialization led to rise in white collar jobs that require skills these macho lads didn't have. Workplace feminized and women became breadwinners.
Willis
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Working class males see their futures as working in basic manual labor jobs like their fathers therefore they do not aspire for more.
Lads had anti school attitudes which they took to their low pay monotonous jobs which were boring so they created distraction techniques (shop floor culture) which meant acting up when manager wasn't around.
education
Bordieu
- education system is biased towards the culture of the dominant classes and it devalues the knowledge and skills of the working class through the hidden curriculum. Furthermore, he argues that the main function of education is social reproduction and education discriminates against the working class because they lack the cultural capital to succeed.
Jackson
- working class ladettes are generally working class and adopt ani school attitudes - they adopt an assertive femininity around smoking and arguing with teachers. As a result they are negatively labelled by their teachers
GOV.UK
- in the 2022 to 2023 academic year, 42.9% of fsm eligable pupils achieved a grade 4 or above in both english and maths compared to 71.6% of non fsm pupils. This indicates fsm pupils were less than half as likely to attain these key GCSE grades.
media
Price
- Poverty porn describes shows such as Benefit's Street. This led to the underclass being exploited by the media to shock and entertain audiences. Encourages underclass to be condemned by the hardworking middle and upper classes.
Jones
- the word chav has become a way of describing working class people and culture. Chavtainment describes shows that portray a negative view of the working class as bigoted, slothful and aggressive. Working class went from salt of the earth to scum of the earth.
Milliband
- media is the new opium of the people. It distracts the working class masses from real societal issues faced in a capitalist society. In a capitalist society, inequality is inevitable, justifiable and effective for the ruling class to control the masses.
crime
Walmsley et al
- 41% of prisoners are from the lowest social classes. But only 19% of the overall population
Coles
- if you are poor ypu are more likely to commit crime
Harding
- street casino. Young gang members are gambling with their lives by being involved in gangs. May end up stuck in gangs or gain criminal records so limits jobs/travel.
GENDER (female)
workplace
Adkins
- found evidence of horizontal and vertical segregation in the workplace disadvantage the roles of women. in theme parks males worked as ride operators whilst women worked in catering. In these roles, women faced regular sexual harrassment from other staff and customers. Horizontal=concentration of men and women in different types of jobs or industries. Vertical=unequal distribution of men and women in leadership or high status positions.
The financial times 2018
- the current gender pay gap suggests that if a man and women in the same level job worked for a whole calendar year, a woman would effectively be working for free from the 30th of Nov. the biggest pay gaps are in the inance/insurance sectors.
Walby
- identified the workplace as one of six key patriarchal structures in society. The glass ceiling is a mechanism of patriarchal power that limits womens participation in elite decision making roles.
education
Skelton
- the hidden curriculum (such as teachers attitudes) negatively influence subject choices in relation to gender.
Kelly
- Science is packaged as a boys subject. Boys allowed to dominate science class rooms and examples in textbooks are male related.
Colley
- subject choices are negatively influecned by perception of gender roles, subject preferences, learning environment.
media
Ferguson
- content analysis of womens magazines. womens magazines based around a cult of femininity which promotes the idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others, the family, marriage and appearance.
Tuchman
- narrow range of roles for women lead to symbolic annihalation in the media. This is where mass media omit, trivialise or condemn certain groups that are not socially valued such as women.
Mulvey
- Male gaze theory
crime
Harding
- girls took roles as fixers and were used by males to hide weapons and drugs. They were subject to sexual abuse and harrassment from male gang members. They face double disadvantage because theyre criminally and sexually exploited.
Leonard
- judges label girls as doubly deviant as they have [not only broken laws but also gender roles that they should be punished more harshly for.
ONs
- 108 domestic homicides between march 2023 and march 2024 amongst these, 83 victims were women (77%) and 25 were men (23%)
GENDER (male)
workplace
Dermott
- men work longer hours than women regardless of their status as fathers
Farrell
- the glass cellar. Of the 25 professions ranked lowest, 24 of them are 85-100% male dominated. e.g. roofer, welder, rubbish collector, sewer maintenence.
Benatar
- least desirable and most dangerous jobs and those with least pay and security remain largely the domain of men.
education
Willis
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Working class males see their futures as working in basic manual labour jobs like their fathers therefore they do not aspire for more.
Lads had anti school attitudes which they took to their low pay monotonous jobs which were boring so they created distraction techniques (shop floor culture) which meant acting up when manager wasnt around.
Mitsos and Browne
- teachers are too lenient with boys on laddish behaviour which can do a disservice to them leading to their lack of achievement.
Department for education
- in 2019, 71.9% of female students achieved a grade 4 or higher in comparison to 62.9% of male students. Females also outperform males in the 7 boundary (21.1% vs 17.6%)
media
Sewell
- hyper masculinity from black caribbean boys who lacked father figures and turned to rappers in the media
Easthorpe
- hollywood films and computer games transmit the view that masculinity based on strength, aggression, competition and violence is biologically determined so is a natural goal for boys to achieve.
REACH media monitoring project
- coverage of young black males in the news often links them with violent crimes and particularly knife murders and gangs. this can provide negative role models.
crime
Messerschmidt
- gangs act as locations for males to 'do masculinity' which has to be accomplished and proved. Accomplished masculinity.
Campbell
- men are denied their masculinity through academic success oe being the breadwinner (in a deindustrialised society) therefore they turn to violence and anti social behaviour to express their masculinity.
Faludi
- males are not deviant, they are performing their masculinity and demonstrated qualities expected from males such as toughness, bravery and strength
ETHNICITY
workplace
GOV.UK
- pakistani and bangladeshi have the lowest employment rate, white other have the highest
Wood et al
- ethnic names has to make 15 job applications before getting a positive response compared to 9 applications for white names.
Parkin
- ehtnic minorities are a negatively privileged status group. The ehtnic majority uses social closure to prevent ethic minorities from reaching positions of authority and status. Concrete ceiling.
education
DFE statistics
- GCSE results with an average attainment 8 score were as follows: chinese 64.2%, indian 56.3%, white british 46.1%, black caribbean 39.6%
Mirza
- black caribbean girls faced institutional racism in education and negative labelling from teachers did achieve and resist but this meant they could not achieve as much as they could due to lack of teacher support.
Gillborn
- black carribbean boys faced institutional racism at school so were put in lower sets and entered for lower tier exams limiting their chances of success
media
Alexander
- asian youths in lomdon unfairly targeted by the police and the media. the myth of the asian gang created when the media reported violent clashes between the black and asian gangs. asian boys criminalised as a result of islamaphobia.
Van Dijk
- media stereotype black people in 5 ways: criminal, abnormal, a threat, unimportant and dependant. This included presenting cultural practices as abnormal and using blanket terminology such as 'asian culture'
Children Now (Fair Play 2001)
- ehtnic minorities stereotyped in video games. 86% heroes white, 8/10 competitors in sports games black, latinos only in sports games, 86% of black females presented as victims of violence.
crime
the lammy report
- over 40% of young people in custody are from Black Asian Minority Ethnicities (BAME) backgrounds. BAME men and women make up 25% of prisoners. number of BAME young people reoffending increased from 11% in 2006 to 19% in 2016. number of BAME prisoners also increased from 25% in 2006 to 41% in 2016
Hood
- black men more likely than white men to recieve custodial sentences for offences which have fines or community service as punishments. institutional racism in police force.
Social trends survey
- black people almost 7x more likely to be stopped and searched than white people.
AGE (youth)
workplace
Ritzer
- young people often on zero hour contracts and in McJobs (understimulating, low wage jobs with few benefits, especially in the service industry)
BBC Three
- under 25s treated more harshly in the benefits system and get less support than over 25s. Younger people also more likely to be renting and renters have not had the same level of support as those with mortgages from the government.
The Equality Trust
- young people have been in a bad situation with rising rental, housing and accomodation costs in the past decade.
media
Cohen
- negative labelling of youths in the media e.g. mods and rockers. Theyre labelled as folk devils who threaten the basic morals of society. Can lead to a self fuffiling prophecy.
Griffin
- youths labelled as devient, dysfunctional and suffering a deficit.
Women in journalism
- how teenage boys presented in national and local newspapers:
1.
negative language used to describe them such as yobs, thugs, evil, hoodies
2.
more stories about teens and crime than anything else
3.
few stories showed teen boys in a good light 24% stories about teens and sport were positive and 16% of stories about teens and entertainment were positive
4.
85% of teen boys said newspapers portray them in a bad light but reality TV portrayed them most fairly
5.
teenagers were wary of other teenagers.
crime
Jacobson
- children and young people in custody: 3/4 have absent fathers, 1/2 lived in deprived households, 1/2 had run away and others were from care homes - complex backgrounds
Harding
- working class youths in london face deprivation so turn to crime for income. street casino. turn to crime and gamble with their lives. street capital gained through commiting deviance/criminal activities.
AGE (elderly)
workplace
Johnson
- embedded institutional ageism in the workplace. stereotypical assumptions about a person's competency to do a job in relation to their age. Older people find it harder to get a job due to these assumptions
The National Pensioners Convention
- 1 in 5 (2.5 million) older people live below the poverty line. majority are women living alone.
Barron and Norris
- elderly more likely to be in the secondary labour market which is low pay, low status a lack of chance of promotion and few fringe benefits e.g. no access to private pensions etc.
health
Greengross
- NHS guily of institutional rasicsm. older patients treated differently. young person will have clear care plan that includes maintaining family links wjile elderly are denied clinical treatments and anything pfferede will be end of life care.
The Royal College of Surgeons and Age UK 2014 - in some areas of the uk, over 75s arent being offered crucial surgeries for breast cancer, bowel cencer, knee/hip relacements despite this being made illegal in 2012
media
Landis
- stereotypes of old people in media are one dimensional e.g grumpy old man, feisty old woman, sickly, mentally deficient, second childhood.
Carrigan and Szmigin
- old people ignored in advertising and when they are theyre presented as caricatures such as smelly, incontinent and dependant
digital generation gap
- causes problems for unemployment as old people less comfortable using technology than young people. unable to cope with changes such as online banking and lack of understanding od popular conversations.
crime
financial times 2015
- number of over 60s in jail topped 4000 for the first time, more than double what it was 10 years ago. number of inmates with dementia, diabetes and hypertension have risen
Age UK 2015
- of those targeted by fraud scams, the financial loss for older victims (55+) was likely to be twice as much per scam as that for younger victims