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Animal Physiology Pt 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Posterior- produced by hypothalamus
        
        Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)- promotes retention of water by kidneys; modulates behavior.
        
        Oxytocin- stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells; modulates behavior.
      - Anterior- front portion of the pituitary, located in sphenoid bone BEHIND NASAL CAVITY, below hypothalamus.
        
        Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)- stimulates adrenal cortex.
        
        Prolactin- stimulates mammary gland growth and milk synthesis in mammals.
        
        Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)- stimulates thyroid gland.
        
        Growth hormone (GH)- stimulates growth and metabolic functions. Stimulates mitosis too.
        
        LH and FSH- release of testosterone and estrogen. Also stimulates gonads.
        
        Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)- Affects color of melanocytes, a type of skin cell.
    - - Calcitonin- lowers blood calcium level and deposits it to the bones.
      - Thyroid Hormone(T3 & T4)- stimulates and maintains metabolic processes.
    - - Parathyroid Hormone(PTH)- break down bones when blood calcium level is low. Antagonist and maintains homeostasis.
    - - Medulla- inner part of the adrenal gland
        
        Norepinephrine(non-adrenaline)- increase fight or flight response.
        
        Epinephrine(Adrenaline)- increase fight or flight response.
      - Cortex- outer part of the adrenal gland, above the kidney
        
        Glucocorticoids- trigger fat breakdown when blood sugar is low, turn fat into blood sugar.
        
        Gonadocorticoids- small amounts of testosterone and estrogen.
        
        Mineralocorticoids- promotes reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in kidneys.
    - - Glucagon (glycogen, stored in the liver)- raises blood glucose level. Antagonist.
      - Insulin (from blood and into cells)- lowers blood glucose level
    - - Testes- in the scrotum
        
        Testosterone- causes boys to turn into men, development of sperms.
      - Ovaries- abdominal pelvic cavities
        
        Progesterone- prevents the shedding of the uterus
        
        Estrogen- triggers female sexual characteristics, follicle development.
    - - Melatonin- regulates sleeping patterns
    - - Thymosin- triggers the development of T-cells.
  - - - Lipid-soluble hormone action- inside the cell, directly trigger the DNA; might activate or shut off a gene. (Steroids)
      - Water-soluble hormones action- outside of the cell, membrane receptors. ( Proteins)
    - - Inhibition- stop or reduce the cell from doing something (off hormone).
      - Agonist- increases the effects of another hormone (Positive Feedback).
      - Stimulation- start or increase some cellular activities.(metabolic activities.
      - Antagonist- interrupts or cancels out another hormone (Negative Feedback.)
    - - Neuroendocrine pathway- hypothalamus talks to pituitary (HPA).
      - Other compounds- NO, ATP, cytokines
      - Neurotransmitter- chemical messengers specific to the brain and central nervous system and nerves; how neurons talk to each other.
      - Hormones- chemical messengers transmitted in the blood.
        
        Steroids- lipid-base hormones(lipid soluble); testosterone and estrogen, progesteron, cortesal, aldosterone.
        
        Polypeptide- chains of amino acids that are water soluble. Most hormones.
        
        Amines- amino acids, modified a little bit, few are lipid-soluble while most are water soluble.
    - - Up Regulation- occurs when there's too little hormones, causing the cell to produce more receptors. (More Sensitive)
      - Down Regulation- too much of a hormone is received by a cell, it reduces its number of receptors. (Less Sensitive)
    - - Exocrine- secretes chemical OUTSIDE the body; to the tube that leads outside the body.
      - Paracrine- secretes chemical to NEARBY cells(locally), to the side.
      - Endocrine- secretes chemicals TO the blood.
      - Autocrine- secretes chemicals that affect THAT cell, self triggering chemical.