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Animal Physiology Part 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A small, toxic molecule produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism
      - Lost from the body by diffusion with the surrounding water
      - Invertebrates
    - - A soluble nitrogenous waste produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide
      - Vertebrates
      - High Energy Cost
    - - A product of protein and purine metabolism and the major nitrogenous waste product of insects, land snails, and many reptiles
      - Uric acid is relatively nontoxic and largely insoluble in water
      - Incests, Land Snails, Reptiles, Birds
    - - The extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the body fluid
    - - Cell-free fluid extracted from the body fluid by the excretory system
    - - In excretory systems, the recovery of solutes and water from filtrate
    - - The active transport of wastes and certain other solutes from the body fluid into the filtrate in an excretory system
    - - Flatworms
        
        Protonephridia
        
        Network of dead-end tubules that branch throughout the body
      - Earthworm
        
        Metanephridia
        
        An excretory organ found in many invertebrates that typically consists of tubules connecting ciliated internal openings to external openings
    - - In vertebrates, one of a pair of excretory organs where blood filtrate is formed and processed into urine
    - - A unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph, and functions in osmoregulation
  - - - Number of moles of solute per liter of solution
    - - An animal that is isoosmotic with its environment
      - All osmoconformers are marine animals
      - No substantial challenges in water balance
      - Atlantic Lobster
    - - An animal that controls its internal osmolarity independent of the external environment
      - Lets animals live in environments uninhabitable for osmoconfromer
        
        Freshwater
        
        Face problem of gaining water by osmosis
        
        Perch
        
        Terrestrial habitats
        
        Anhydrobiosis
        
        A dormant state involving loss of almost all body water
        
        Lose Water
        
        Feces
        
        Urine
        
        Airways
        
        Across skin
        
        Maintain Water
        
        Drinking
        
        Eating moist foods
        
        Cellular Respiration
    - - One or more layers of specialized epithelial cells that carry out and regulate solute movement
  - - - A peptide hormone, also called vasopressin, that promotes water retention by the kidneys
      - Produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary, ADH also functions in the brain
    - - A hormone cascade pathway that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume
    - - A specialized tissue in nephrons that releases the enzyme renin in response to a drop in blood pressure or volume
    - - A peptide hormone secreted by cells of the atria of the heart in response to high blood pressure
      - ANP’s effects on the kidney alter ion and water movement and reduce blood pressure
  - - - NaCl diffuses out of the permeable tubule into the interstitial fluid
      - epithelium actively transports NaCl into the interstitial fluid
    - - Regulates K+ and NaCl concentration
    - - Further reduces filtrate volume
    - - Processes filtrate into urine
    - - Filtration to help keep constant pH in body
    - - A countercurrent system in which energy is expended in active transport to facilitate exchange of materials and generate concentration gradients
- - - - Mineralcorticoids
        
        Balance sodium and potassium ions
      - Glucocorticoids
        
        Balance sugar within the blood
      - Gonadocorticoids
        
        Small amounts that mimic testosterone and estrogen
      - Epinephrine
        
        Spikes body system
      - Norepinephrine
        
        Spikes body system
      - Estrogen
        
        Triggers a females characteristic and follicle movement
      - Progesterone
        
        Prevents the shedding of the uterus
      - Testosterone
        
        Triggers male characteristics and promotes the development of sperm
    - - Oxycotin
        
        A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary
        
        It induces contractions of the uterine muscles during labor and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing
      - Thyroid Stimulating (TSH)
        
        Stimulates your thyroid
      - Adrenocorticotropic
        
        Stimulate the adrenal gland cortex
      - Prolactin
        
        Promotes Lactation
      - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
        
        Stimulates melanin production
      - Parathyroid Hormone
        
        Breaks down bones to release calcium into blood
      - Insulin
        
        Triggers cells to take up blood sugar
      - Glucogon
        
        Triggers the release of glucose into the blood from the liver
      - Thymosin
        
        Triggers the development of T-cells
    - - Triggers the time your body wants to sleep
  - - - An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus; consists of a posterior lobe, which stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and an anterior lobe, which produces and secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions
      - Posterior Pituitary
        
        An extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones
      - Anterior Pituitary
        
        A portion of the pituitary gland that develops from nonneural tissue; consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several tropic and nontropic hormones