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Life Cycle Evolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - tubes feeding on nucellus
      - provide nutrients to developing sperm
      - can be lengthy process from pollination to fertilization
  - - - directed by synergies
      - feeds on nucellus (gymnosperms)
      - feeds on style (angiosperm)
  - - - tube celled
      - generative cell
- - - - molecular data
      - bisexual
      - radially symmetric
      - multiple whirls of petals
      - androecium
        
        2+ whirls of anthers
      - gynoecium
        
        5+ carpels
  - - - M/F plants
  - - - original spiral arrange no longer evident
    - - perianth has become differentiated in distinct calyx and corolla
  - - - flower=stem with leaf like structures
      - complete flowers have all 4 floral appendages:
        
        sepals, sterile
        
        outermost floral appendage
        
        modified leaves that surround maturing flower parts
        
        protect flower bud as develops
        
        may be colorful
        
        all sepals together = calyx
        
        petals, sterile
        
        above sepals on receptacle
        
        leaf like but have pigments other than cholorphyll
        
        attract pollinators
        
        collectively are a corolla
        
        sepals & petals = perianth
        
        absent in wind pollinated species
        
        stamens, male fx
        
        above petals
        
        collectively= androecium
        
        2 parts: anther and its supporting filament
        
        diploid anther cells (microsporocytes) do meiosis to make 4 microspores
        
        microspores:
        
        do mitosis
        
        form resistant cell wall
        
        microgametophyte:
        
        pollen grains
        
        carpels, female fx
        
        megasporophyll
        
        carpels, collectively = gynoecium
        
        stigma catched pollen grains
        
        style elevates stigma
        
        ovary where megaspores made
        
        within ovary are placentae bearing small structures called ovules
        
        After fertilization of egg, ovules mature into seeds
      - incomplete flowers lack at least one appendage
    - - Carpel position:
        
        whorls inserted relative to ovary
        
        superior =carpel above
        
        inferior= receptacle surround carpel, carpel below
        
        perianth & stamen insertion
        
        hypogynous
        
        perianth & stamens on receptacle beneath ovary
        
        ex) Lillies
        
        Epigynous
        
        perianth & stamens from top of ovary
        
        ex) apple flower
        
        perigynous
        
        perianth & stamens adnate to calyx
        
        ex) cherry flower
      - imperfect flowers
        
        lacing whorl of sexual organs
        
        hermaphroditic: perfect
        
        monoecious = male/female flowers on same plant
        
        dioecious=male on plant, female on diff plant
        
        male- androecious
        
        female- gynoecious
      - Display variation
        
        inflorescence
        
        taxonomic importance
        
        various ways to ensure cross pollination
  - - - some more attractive than other
      - needs resource, omit when not needed
      - some are in UV spectrum
    - - signal to pollinators
      - sometimes use own preferences and sexual pheromones
      - some common chemicals:
        
        Benzaldehyde (almond)
        
        Linalool (lavender)
        
        Limonene (citrus)
        
        Beta ocimene (green)
      - may have scent gland (ex. roses)
    - - floral symmetry
      - actinomorphic
        
        radially symmetric (ex. sunflower)
      - zygomorphic
        
        irregular, bilateral, ex pea
    - - diurnal (day)
      - nocturnal (night)
    - - nectar, pollen, oil
  - - - Anemophily (wind)
        
        no bright colors, special odors, or nectar
        
        small
        
        most no petals
        
        stamens and stigmas exposed to air currents
        
        large amount pollen
        
        pollen smooth, light, easily airborne
        
        stigma feathery to catch pollen from wind
        
        dispersals
      - Hydrophily (water)
        
        copious pollen
        
        small flowers
        
        long filaments for pollen trasnport on surface
        
        oblong, heavier pollen for submarine transport
    - - melittophily (bee)
        
        full nectar
        
        bright colors petals, usually B/Y or mix (bees cant see red), but can in UV
        
        sweet aromatic
        
        open in day
        
        give landing platforms
        
        often bilaterally symmetrical (one side is mirror image of other)
        
        flowers often tubular with nectar at base
      - psychophily (butterfly)
        
        clusters, landing platforms
        
        bright colored (red, yellow, orange)
        
        open in day
        
        ample nectar makers, with nectar deep hidden
        
        nectar guides present
        
        may be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
      - phalenophily (moth)
        
        many night pollinated species
        
        white, heavy scent, tubular corollas
      - myophily, sapromyophily (fly)
        
        pale, dull, dark brown or purple
        
        sometimes flecked with transclucent patches
        
        putrid odor, rotting meat, carrion, dung, blood
        
        nectar guides not there
        
        make pollen , flowers are like funnel or complex trap
        
        saprophily, for carrion mimics
      - ornithophily (bird)
        
        tubular & petals that recurved to be out of way
        
        have tubes, funnels, cups
        
        strong supports for perching
        
        bright colored: R/Y/O
        
        Odorless (birds have poor smell)
        
        open in day
        
        prolific nectar makers with deep nectar
        
        modest pollen makers, designed to dust bird head/back with pollen as forage for nectar
      - chiropterophily (bat)
        
        open at night
        
        large (1-3.5 inches)
        
        pale/white
        
        fragrant, fermenting fuit like smell
        
        copious dilute nectar
      - cantharophily (beetle)
        
        bowl shaped, sexual organs exposed
        
        white, dull white or green
        
        strong fruity
        
        open in day
        
        moderate nectar makers
        
        maybe large solitary flowers (like magnolias, pond lillies)
        
        may be clusters of small flowers (goldenrods, Spirea)
    - - may look like pollinator
      - may smell like one too
      - use trickery
      - usually no reward
      - saprophily included
  - - - primary endosperm nucleus divides, forming endosperm
      - zygote develops in embryo
      - integuments develop into seed coat
      - ovary wall and related structures develop into fruit
    - - ovary sometimes with other portions of flower or inflorescence develoops into a fruit
      - ovary wall
        
        pericarp
        
        exo carp, medocarp, endocarp
        
        thickens and differentiations
        
        exocarp
        
        mesocarp
        
        endocarp
    - - any fruits with accessory tissue
      - tissue besides the ovary is included in the fruit
      - can be simple, aggregate or multiple
    - - fruit development
        
        w/o fertilization
        
        w/o seed development
      - banana
      - seedless watermelon
    - - single carpel
      - 2+ united carpels
      - ex:
        
        bean, tomato, cherry
      - major fleshy types:
        
        berries, drupes, pomes
      - major dry types:
        
        dehiscent, indehiscent
    - - apocarpous gynoecium
      - carpel retains identity in mature state
      - ex: magnolia, raspberries, strawberries
    - - derived from inflorescence
      - combined gynoecia of many flowers
      - ex: fig, mulberry, pineapple
  - - - wind
        
        wings, parachutes, lightweight seeds
      - water
        
        buoyant, large airspaces, ex coconut
      - animal
        
        active/passive
        
        active:
        
        fleshy
        
        give animal nutrients
        
        long distance dispersal
        
        seed pass through gut w/o harm
        
        seeds regurgitated later
        
        end up in nice piles of nutrient dense escrement
        
        passive:
        
        hooks
        
        catch on fur
        
        catch on hoof
        
        velcro
      - self
        
        gravity, exploding
- - - - megagametophyte
    - - microgametophyte
  - - - megaspore mother cell
      - reduction to one per megasporangium rather than hundreds
  - - - through programmed cell death
- - - - integument
      - nucellus
      - megaspore wall
      - megagametophyte
      - archegonium
      - egg
  - - - 8 nucleate
        
        3 antipodals (sometimes nutritive)
        
        2 polar (become endosperm)
        
        2 synergies (guide pollen tube)
        
        1 egg (eventual zygote)
  - - - single megasporocyte
      - single megaspore
    - - 2 integuments
      - additional protection from ovary wall
      - double fertilization
    - - 1 integument
- - - - pollination drops
  - - - some with fleshy outer later (aril)
      - several cotyledons
      - integument becomes seed coat
  - - - pollen tube grow doen style
      - generative cell diviedes into 2 sperm
      - pollen tube ruptures inside synergic releasing sperm
      - one sperm fuses with egg
        
        2n diploid
        
        zygote
      - One sperm fuses with polar nuclei
        
        3n triploid
        
        endosperm
- - - - microgametophyte not restricted to water
      - megagametophyte protected by integuments
  - - - pollen
    - - become nurtitive tissue
      - portected by integument
      - within an ovule
  - - - sporophyte dominant
      - gametophyte microscopic
    - - flowering plant very diverse
      - annual to perennial
      - indeterminant growth
    - - multicellular haploid stage
      - pollen grain
        
        immature
        
        mature germinating
    - - multicellular haploid individual
      - egg one of the cells (nuclei)
- - - - Greek , haploos + dipoles + Sinai =single double being
- - - - retained within spore walls
      - soerm must still swim to egg
      - Heterosporous
    - - both male and female develop within spore wall
      - small
    - - heterosporous
      - reduction in megasporocytes to 1 per megasporangium
      - micro=male
      - mega=female
  - - - microgametophyte
        
        male
        
        antheridium
        
        sperm
      - megagametophyte
        
        female
        
        egg
        
        archegonium
    - - sori
        
        sporangia
        
        indusia
      - large persistant diploid
- - - - dominnant leafy gametophyte
      - temporary diploid sporophyte
      - mnium moss
    - - dominant life stage
      - Antheridial head
        
        male
        
        Antheridia
        
        has sperm
      - Archegonial head
        
        female
        
        archegonia
        
        has eggs
    - - small, temporary structure
      - parasitic on gametophyte
      - meiosis occurs within sporangium
        
        sporocytes (2n)
        
        spores (1n)
- - - - dominant leafy gametophyte
      - temporary dipole sporophyte
      - Marchantia liverwort
    - - dominant life stage
      - Anteridiophore
        
        male
        
        Antheridia has sperm
      - Archegoniophore
        
        Archegonia has eggs
        
        female
    - - small, temporary
      - parasitic on gametophyte
      - meiosis occurs in sporangium
        
        sporocytes (2n)
        
        spores (1n)
- - - - Gymnosperms
        
        progymnosperms (extinct)
        
        Angioperms
    - - Elkinsia polymorpha
        
        4-5 lobes fused basal third
        
        ~360 mya
      - Late Devonian
      - Pseudosporogonites quadrapartitus
    - - Lobate integuments
        
        free from nucellus/megasporangium
      - Moresnetia zalesskyi
        
        8-10 lobes fused at chalaza and widely separated
        
        ~360 mya
    - - complete enclosure of megasporangium within integuments
      - increased protection
        
        desiccation
        
        herbivory
      - Stamnostoma huttonense
        
        352 mya
      - Gnetopsiselliptica
    - - evolved from shoot apex
      - Gymnosperm nucellus apex similar to shoot apex
      - similar genes
    - - heterospory
      - protection
        
        integuments
      - pollen capture
        
        pollen chamber
        
        micropyle
      - nucellus