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Bitter tastants in cocoa and their impact on satiety and appetite - Coggle…
Bitter tastants in cocoa and their impact on satiety and appetite
Bitter taste compounds in cocoa
Priority list 1
Cocoa/cocoa extract
Theobromine
Caffeine
Epicatechin
Catechin
cyclo(L-Ala-L-Pro)
cyclo(L-Ala-L-Val)
cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val)
cyclo(L-Ala-L-Ile)
cyclo(L-Leu-L-Pro)
cyclo(L-Leu-L-Val)
cyclo(L-Ile-L-Phe)
cyclo(L-Leu-L-Phe)
Priority list 2
L-leucine
L-tyrosine
L-isoleucine
L-valine
L-lysine
L-arginine
L-histidine
L-phenylalanine
L-tryptophan
Proanthocyanidin B1
Proanthocyanidin C1
Procyanidin B2
Procyanidin B5
Procyanidin C1
[epicatechin-(4beta->8)]3 -epicatechin
[epicatechin-(4->8)]4 -epicatechin
[epicatechin-(4->8)]5-9 -epicatechin
(-)-Epigallocatechin gallate
(-)-Gallocatechin gallate
Luteolin
Quercetin
Apigenin
Protocatechuic acid
Gallic acid
Priority list 3
Tryptamine
Tyramine
Concentrations of bitter compounds
Activation of Bitter taste receptors in the human digestive tract (activation of the T2Rs in the digestive tract)
Mechanism
Hormonal changes along with details of organs from which they are released
Cholecystokinin (CCK) from Duodenal I-cells (small intestine)
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from Intestinal L-cells (distal ileum & colon)
Peptide YY (PYY) from Intestinal L-cells (ileum, colon)
Ghrelin from X/A-like cells of stomach
Insulin from β-cells of pancreas
Gastrin from G-cells of stomach
Motilin from M-cells of small intestine
Non-hormonal (microbiota modulation,etc.)
Others
Effects/Benefit area
Sateity/satiation
Appetite regulation
Others(Food intake regulation, gastric emptying, etc.)
Impact on Gut microbiome
Adverse effects reported with consuming high concentrations of these compounds
Methodology used to measure satiety
Visual Analogue Scales methodology
Energy intake measurement
Integrative hormonal responses
Others
Bitter compounds administered in the form of
Food
Pills/tablets
Others
Encapsulated form
Injections
Study Type
Cell line
Animal
Human
Chronic or acute effects of intervention
Conclusion/Result
Mechanism measured or hypothesized
Measured
Hypothesized
Effect size