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Ch22 The Industrial Revolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Robert Bakewell
        
        Started selective breeding(선택 교배)
        
        Improved meat and wool quality
        
        Higher productivity
        
        Raised bigger, stronger animals
    - - Viscount Charles Townshend
        
        No fallow(휴경) fields
        
        Rotate wheat(밀), barley(보리), clover(클로버), turnips(순무)
        
        Kept Soil fertile(비옥도)
        
        Restored soil nutrients
        
        Nicknamed "Turnip Townshend
      - came from two field and three field system
    - - More food --> less hunger
      - Better nutrition --> longer life
      - Population grew--> more workers for industry
    - - Wealthy landowners(부유한 지주) bought common fields(공동 경작지).
      - Built fences or hedges(생울타리)
        
        made enclosures
      - Small farmers lost their land
        
        became tenant farmers(소작농)
        
        other moved to towns and cities.
      - Because of money
      - Created a larger labor force(노동력) for industry
      - Enclosure --> Start of scientific farming
      - Jethro Tull
        
        Invented seed drill
        
        Less seed wasted
        
        higher crop yield
  - - - Rich in coal and iron
        
        provided energy and materials
      - Many rivers
        
        water power and transportation
      - Numerous ports
        
        easy for trade
      - Natural resources supported industry and machines
    - - Island nation
        
        protected from invasion
      - Short distance for transport inside the country
      - Many navigable rivers and canals
      - Strong overseas trade network
    - - open to science, invention, and innovation
      - influence of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
      - Inventors and entrepreneurs worked together
      - Encouraged experimentation and progress
    - - Strong banks and credit system
      - Easy access to capital for investment(투자자본)
      - Supported business expansion and factories (사업 확장과 공장 설립)
    - - Stable government after revolutions
      - Laws protected property and business (재산권&상공업)
      - Few wars at home
        
        focused on economic growth
      - Parliamentary system(의회 제도) encouraged commerce
- - - - Doubled weaving speed
    - - Spun several threads at once
    - - Used waterpower, made stronger thread
    - - Combined Jenny and Water Frame
    - - Automated weaving process
    - - Removed seeds from cotton quickly
      - Increased cotton production for factories
  - - - Made it efficient and fuel-saving
      - Used steam to power machines and factories
      - Steam engine: a heat engine that converts heat energy into mechanical work using steam as the working fluid
      - Impact on train
    - - Produced and sold steam engines widely
      - Expanded industrial production
- - - - Goal: move goods faster and cheaper
    - - John McAdam – developed “macadam roads (맥아담식 도로)”
        
        → smooth, hard-surfaced roads
        
        → allowed wagons to travel in any weather
    - - → reduced transport cost (운송비 절감) for heavy goods
      - → improved trade (무역) and movement of materials
  - - - → replaced animal power for pulling heavy loads
    - - → used smaller, high-pressure engine
      - → pulled ten tons of iron and 70 people at 5 mph
    - - → built stronger, faster locomotives
      - → invented the “Rocket” (1829)
        
        → could travel 24 mph
    - - → world’s first major rail line
      - → connected industrial cities for trade and passengers
    - - → made travel (이동) faster, cheaper, more reliable
  - - - New lines connected cities (도시) and ports (항구)
      - Thousands of miles of track laid
      - → goods and people moved quickly
    - - → inspired investors to build more railroads
    - - → miners produced more coal
      - → ironworkers made rails and engines
    - - → factories had steady supply of raw materials
    - - and finished goods (완제품) to ports
      - → boosted domestic and overseas trade
  - - - Created new jobs (일자리) – miners, builders, operators
      - Boosted agriculture (농업) – farmers reached markets faster
    - - Encouraged travel (여행) and migration (이주)
      - Reduced cost of goods (상품 가격) → more affordable
      - Linked distant cities (도시) and regions (지역)
        
        → unified national markets
    - - Accelerated industrial growth (산업 성장 가속)
      - Made transportation (운송) faster, safer, more reliable
      - Allowed factories to locate anywhere, not just near rivers
  - - - Samuel Slater – built first spinning mill (방적 공장) (1790)
        
        → brought British machinery designs from memory
      - Eli Whitney – invented cotton gin (조면기) and interchangeable parts (표준화 부품)
        
        → boosted cotton industry and mass production
      - Francis Lowell – built textile factory (직물 공장) in Massachusetts (1823)
        
        → hired young women to work in mills (Lowell System)
      - Result: U.S. industry grew in New England (뉴잉글랜드) region
    - - Belgium (벨기에) – first industrialized country in Europe
        
        → coal, iron, and textile industries developed
      - France (프랑스) – built textile mills (방직 공장) and railroads (철도)
      - Germany (독일) – developed coal, iron, and chemical industries (화학 산업)
        
        → built powerful rail system
      - Governments supported factories (공장) and railroads
        
        → offered loans and built infrastructure
      - European nations competed with Britain (영국) for industrial power
  - - - → produced coal (석탄), iron (철), textiles (직물), machinery (기계)
- - - - People left farms (농장) → moved to cities (도시) for jobs.
      - Life became faster, crowded, and factory-centered.
      - New social classes (사회 계층) appeared.
      - New urban problems (도시 문제) emerged.
  - - - → Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool grew rapidly.
    - - → Lived close to factories.
      - → Overcrowded homes (과밀 주거).
      - → Poor sanitation (비위생적 환경).
      - → No building codes (건축 규제 없음).
      - → Frequent disease (질병) and pollution (오염).
  - - - → Streets filled with waste (쓰레기).
      - → Factory smoke (공장 연기) polluted air.
      - → Water (물) was unsafe.
  - - - → Worked 14–16 hours/day (14~16시간).
      - → 6 days/week (6일 근무).
    - - → Accidents (사고) common.
      - → Ventilation (환기) poor in mines (광산).
    - - → Same hours as men.
      - → Low wages (낮은 임금), barely enough for food.
    - - → Wanted efficiency (효율성) over safety (안전).
  - - - Start as young as 6 years old (6세).
    - - → Open/close mine doors.
      - → Work in dark, narrow shafts (좁은 통로).
  - - - → Comfortable life vs. workers (노동자).
      - → Wanted political power (정치 권력).
      - → Equal influence with nobles (귀족).
    - - → Middle class dominated British society (영국 사회).
  - - - Government (정부) avoided interfering (간섭) in business (경제).
      - Adam Smith (아담 스미스) – Wealth of Nations (1776).
      - Belief: Free market (자유 시장) → progress (진보).
      - Corn Laws (곡물법):
        
        → Kept bread prices (빵값) high.
        
        → Hurt poor (빈민층).
        
        → Repealed 1846 (폐지됨) → Power shifted to middle class (중산층).
    - - Workers (노동자) formed unions (노동조합).
      - Early strikes (파업) = illegal (불법).
      - → Spread quickly.
      - Unions demanded:
        
        → Shorter hours (근무시간).
        
        → Better pay (임금).
      - Factory Acts & Mines Acts (공장법·광산법):
        
        → Passed slowly but improved labor rights.
      - By 1825 → Unions legal (노동조합 합법화).
    - - Class conflict (계급 갈등) continued.
      - Labor movements (노동 운동) spread across Europe (유럽).
        
        → Germany, France, Belgium saw strikes & protests.
      - By 1850 → workers’ conditions (노동 환경) improved slightly.
      - Still → Industrialization (산업화) brought both progress (진보) and inequality (불평등).