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Aging - Coggle Diagram
Aging
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Error theory
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Free radical theory: cellular metabolism produces oxygen species molecules called free radicals which damage DNA
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DNA damage
External, internal, DNA replication
Mutations
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Nonsense, stop codon for AA
Frameshift, shift in reading frame
Chromosome translocation, chromosome breaks apart and fuses w other chromsosome
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Epigenetic drift
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Open chromatin, genetic instability
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Leads to senescence, apoptosis, cellular dysfunction
Stem cell exhaustion
Neural stem cell, DNA damage and is reduced
Hematopoietic stem cell: increased myloid cell, decreased lymphoid cell
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Muscle stem cell: decrease in differentiation, reduction in muscle repair and muscle mass
On the body
Endocrine and nervous
Reproductive, growth, thyroid decline
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Musculoskeletal
Osteopenia
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Brittle bone fractures, heal slowly
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Muscle atrophy
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Fewer myofibrils, fewer motor neurons
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Renal and digestive
Rental atrophy, loss of nephrons
Fluid balance: less ADH, more dehydration
Enlarged prostate, urine prevention, weakened sphincters
Digestive
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Gastric mucosa atrophies: less HCL, reduced absorption of CA2+, iron, zinc, folic acid
Intestinal mobility decreased: weaker muscle tone, less fiber and water
Reduced food intake, malnutrition
Cellular senescence
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Benefits: embryotic development, tissue regeneration, wound healing, tumor suppresion, immunity
Detriments: tumor promotion, tissue degredation, chronic inflamation
Telomere shortening
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Telomerase: enzyme that maintains telomerase length, telomere length will decrease with each cell division
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