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Exogenic Processes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - rocks break into smaller pieces without changing composition
        
        Types of Mechanical Weathering
        
        Frost wedging (freezing & thawing of water)
        
        Salt crystal growth (seawater infiltrates rock cracks near shorelines where expansion of salt in crevices will occur)
        
        Biological activity (plants/animals breaking rocks)
        
        Unloading (removal of overlying layers)
        
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    - - the alteration of rocks into entirely new materials with distinct chemical and physical characteristics
        
        Types of Chemical Weathering
        
        Dissolution (minerals dissolve in water)
        
        Hydrolysis (reaction of water with minerals to form a new mineral)
        
        Oxidation (oxygen combines with minerals, producing new minerals with at least one element of greater ionic charge)
        
        Factors Affecting Weathering of Rocks
        
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- - - - Water erosion (Moves sediments into various water bodies)
        
        Wind erosion (Transports light materials like small rocks and pebbles to other areas)
        
        Glacial erosion (Heavy ice flows downward, removing and grinding rocks beneath it)
    - - Soil erodibility (Soil’s vulnerability to erosion affected by rain, soil type, vegetation, and slope)
        
        Soil texture (Key contributor to erodibility along with structure and organic matter)
        
        Overgrazing (When animals overfeed on vegetation, the bare soil becomes easily eroded)
        
        Cutting of Trees and Removing Vegetation (Clears plant cover, making soil more prone to erosion)
        
        Use of Pesticides, Herbicides, and Fuel Oils (Chemicals and salty irrigation water degrade and pollute soil)
    - - Terracing (Shaping steep slopes into flat steps to reduce erosion)
        
        Land Use Control (Limiting farmland conversion to prevent soil loss)
        
        Vegetation Planting (Growing plants to protect and hold soil in place)
        
        Organic Fertilizer Use (Improves soil structure and stability)
        
        Retaining Walls (Structures built to prevent soil from sliding downhill)
- - - - Oversteepened Slopes (Form when streams or waves erode valley walls or cliff bases)
        
        Slightly Wet Materials (Have a high angle of repose as water’s surface tension binds the grains together)
        
        Vegetation and Stability (Roots hold soil in place; lack of plants increases mass wasting on steep, rainy slopes)
        
        Rock Type (Affect debris flow like igneous rocks resist movement, while fractured sedimentary rocks increase mass wasting)
        
        Creep (Gradual slope movement of soil and rock under gravity)
        
        Debris Flow (Consists of clay, silt, sand, and rock fragments, with more than half being copious than sand particles)
        
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    - - Earthflow (A flow of soil with lower water content, resulting in reduced fluidity compared to a mudflow)
        
        Solifluction (The gradual downslope movement of water-logged soil due to gravity)
        
        Slump (Occurs when a mass of material moves downward along a curved surface of weakness in rock or regolith)
        
        Rockslide (Occurs when bedrock moves rapidly downslope along a planar fracture surface)
        
        Fall (The fastest form of mass wasting, involving the free and rapid descent of rock fragments)
    - - Hazard Maps (Used to locate and identify areas vulnerable to landslides and slope failure)
        
        Engineering Measures (Used before hillslope development to minimize the potential for mass movement)
        
        Soft Mitigating Measures (Local governments conduct public awareness programs, monitoring, and early warning initiatives to reduce landslide risks)
- - - - Properties of Sediments
        
        Sphericity (degree to which a material resembles a sphere)
        
        Roundness (how smooth or sharp a sediment’s edges and corners are due to abrasion)
        
        Sorting (influenced by the density of sediments and the energy of the transporting medium)
      - Effects of Sedimentation
        
        Natural sedimentation (enriches soil and shapes coastal habitats such as coral reefs, lagoons, and wetlands)
        
        Corals (Excessive sedimentation covers immobile corals, which can lead to their death)
        
        Siltation (a type of pollution where silt or clay dominates a water body, increasing suspended sediments and accumulating fine particles on the streambed)