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THE DUAL SYSTEMS MODEL: REVIEW, REAPPRAISAL, AND REAFFIRMATION - Coggle…

- - - - Socioemotional system (incentive processing system)
        
        Early maturing
      - Cognitive control system
        
        Slow to mature
    - - Our model
        
        decline socioemotional system is indipendent of development control system
      - Driven dual system model
        
        Cognitive Control reaches a plateau in mid-adolescence
      - Casey et al. model
        
        Hyperactive socioemotional model can undermine cognitive control
      - Triadic model
        
        Existence of the emotional intensity and avoidance system
        
        Not supported by data
  - - - Cognitive control doesn't improve during adolescence
      - Adolescence isn't a period of vulnerability to risk-taking
      - Useless
    - - 1) Neural processes
        
        2) Psychological states (self regulation and sensation seeking)
        
        3) Behaviour manifestations
- - - - How to solve it?
        
        Recreate elements of real risky decision making
        
        Study conditions of successful outcome known or not
        
        Greater age-difference in the outcome known condition
        
        Recreate emotional arousal
        
        Recreate group conditions
        
        Increase emotional arousal
        
        Recreate effects of peer presence
      - Lack of ecological validity
  - - - Predisposed biologically to risk taking but constrained by social factors
- - - - Principally studied with self-report
        
        Fewer longitudinal studies from adolescence to adulthood
        
        Pattern U-inverted
        
        Sex-differences
        
        Pubertal development influence it (especially boys)
  - - - Mid-adolescents learn faster from advantageous deck
    - - Substituing neutral stimuli to rewarding ones
      - Adolescents withold the button press more difficult where there is a reward stimulus
        
        Datas not confirmed
  - - - Area that biases rewarding choices
        
        Evidences supported by contemporary behavioral evidences
        
        Role of peers
        
        Greater activation
        
        Role of pubertal development
        
        Relationship between Striatum and Nucelus Accumbens
        
        Importance of other regions
        
        Not only structural but also in connectivity
        
        Possible explanation in differences in top-down influences
      - Opposite findings
        
        Problems with opposite findings
        
        Focus on anticipation of reward, not receipt of it
        
        Focus on anticipatory cues that only anticipate reward but not likelihood of it
  - - - In adulthood this reward system became desensitized to this effect
- - - - Study of reactive and proactive inhibition
      - Age-related differences when the paradigm is challening
        
        E.g. an emotional version of Stroop Task
        
        E.g. Tower of London Task
      - Not influenced by pubertal development
      - Can be boosted by reward system
        
        It undermines cognitive control only in the condition of conflict
        
        Not always a disadvantage
  - - - Considering the connectivity with other brain areas
        
        Role of top-down regulation
- - - - Possible overlap are determined by difficulty to celar assess the two constructs
      - Necessity to study psychological manifestations
      - Limitations derived by self-reported measures
        
        Role of neuroimaging
        
        Age-related differences in impatience and temporal discounting task
        
        Explained by weak cognitive control (fronto-parietal control circuitry
        
        Reward following a decision
        
        Activation of socio-emotional circuitry