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Lessons for Sands - Coggle Diagram
Lessons for Sands
Critical State and LCC
• CSL (Been et al. 1991, Ishihara 1993) ∥ LCC at high p′
• LCC defines ρc and reference state for MIT-S1
• CSL–LCC non-linear relation at low p′
Yield Surface and Fabric
• Lemniscate yield captures K₀NC orientation
• Dense Aio sand (Yasufuku et al. 1991) → validation
• Micro-CT and DEM confirm fabric orientation under 1-D consolidation
Scale Effects
• High confining pressure → approach LCC regime
• Strength and stiffness become size-dependent
Static Liquefaction Prediction
• Undrained instability linked to consolidation stress history
• Trigger conditions from void ratio and p′ state
Field Applications
• Tappan Zee Bridge piles Q ≈ 17 MN ± 0.2 MN (after 40 days)
• MIT-S1 reproduces load–settlement behavior
• Use LCC-anchored framework for large-scale foundations
Design Lessons
• Calibrate sand parameters with respect to p′ range
• Account for scale effects and fabric anisotropy