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YTT 2025 Functional Anatomy, anatomical body systems, Anatomical Systems…
YTT 2025 Functional Anatomy
anatomical body systems
now 12 including
Fascia System
Functions: primarily wrap, support, and transmission of forces in muscles and organs, structural support, PROPRROCEPTION (body awareness), fluid dynamics, immune function, communication between body parts
challenges the traditional view of body systems as separate entities - it literally connects everything.
a network of connective tissue that exists throughout the body
The fascial system may be the body's largest sensory organ
MusculoskeletalMusculoskeletal-Nervous Integration: Movement requires muscles (musculoskeletal), motor commands (nervous), and fascial force transmission working together seamlessly.
Skeletal system
Bones
Names and their english Nick Names
Joints
CONTAIN
Nerves
#
Ligaments -
connective tissue that connect bone to bone,
providing stability
Tendons
tissues connect muscles to bones near joints,
enabling movement.
Cartilage
specialized connective tissue that forms structural components of the skeletal system, such as joints, ribs, ear, nose, and trachea. Its main roles are support, cushioning, and smooth joint movement
allow us to be stable and mobile
Multiple joints working together, more functional
are the connections between bones
allow movement and provide stability.
Muscular System
Types of Muscle Actions
Concentric:
Muscle shortens while producing force (lifting phase)
Eccentric:
Muscle lengthens while producing force (lowering phase)
Isometric:
Muscle produces force without changing length (holding position)
Structure of
Muscle fiber (cell): The basic unit of a muscle
Organized by Bags of (connective tissue)
bunches of muscle fibers (10 to 100);
The entire muscle
individual
muscle fibers
How Muscles Work
Muscles contract (shorten) when stimulated by nerves
Muscles relax when stimulation stops
Muscle contraction relies on ATP (energy) and proteins
Types of
Skeletal Muscles
Voluntary
Cardiac
Involuntary
does NOT have classical proprioceptors (muscle spindles or Golgi tendon organs)
Smooth
Involuntary
SPECIFIC MUSCLES discussed
Diaphragm
#
The primary muscle of breathing
SO Critical for survival
Active constantly (unlike most skeletal muscles)
LOW density of muscle spindles
We CAN consciously control breathing
Involves mind (cortical) input overriding automatic control
Why this matters? NOT primarily relying on diaphragm muscle spindles to sense breath
When people learn "diaphragmatic breathing," they're largely relying on: Diaphragmatic Breathing
Awareness
:
Visual feedback (watching belly rise)
Chest wall sensation
Interoception (internal body awareness)
more Golgie tendons than spindles
NEed to be aware your HOLDING your breath? more likely involuntariily FORCED to breath in.... but not exhale?
Tactile feedback (feeling belly with hands)
based primarily on functions.
Anatomical Systems Language for describing movement AND direction
WHY?
facilitate communication
facilitate teaching and learning and understanding of
Proper vs. Improper Movement/Form
#
Constantly Maturing !!!
"Depressing the Scapula"
Moving joints certain ways can
#
painfully Pinch or pressure nerves
Proper Queing
Warrior two -
arriving from standing elevated/high knee
Side plank
consider the lower shoulder, at a right ankle to the torso --not the ground
Most common gym injuries?
Lower back.
knee
Range of Motion
Functional relevance
Clarity: No confusion about direction
terms like "above," "below," "in front of," or "behind" are vague and change depending on body positio
still challenging for the "uninitiated" term shifts meaning based on what structure you're describing (e.g dorsal/plantar)
Specificity: Unique to the joint
Specific joint (types) can/should ONLY move specific ways
Universal (Standardized) understanding:
universal way to describe how the human body moves and how its parts relate to one another.
Develop mvmt routines for specific purposes (integration, rehabilitation, etc)
planes, position and directional movement terms
Relative to anatomical position
MVMNT occurs IN/ON
the anatomical plane (think surface) & AROUND the axis (think line)
Saggital
(
medial or midline
axis)
divides left from right
vertical midline straight through you from front to back
mvmt
IN
the saggital plane
AROUND*
the frontal axis
These movements can be seen well from the front or back
Transverse plane
"Horizontal/Table axis"
dividies top (superior) from bottom (inferior)
like a horizontal table cutting through your waist
Coronal Plane (Frontal
"Face")
divides front (anterior) from back (posterior)
feet use planes relative to being (Face) planted on the floor
imagine a vertical pane of glass touching your entire front
mvmnt
IN/ON
the frontal plane around the
AROUND
the saggital (midline) axis
These movements can be seen well from either side
many movements
are multi-planar
these planes describe the axis along which an action is performed
axis is always perpendicular (90 degrees)
to the plane of movement:
Directional Terms of the Joints
in order of
frequency of Queueing
Flexion (
usually bending -brining together- Decreasing the angle between two body parts)
&
Extension(
usually straightening - moving away
+
Increasing the angle between two body parts)
Only movements of the "hingle" of the ankle
The Foot/Ankle Angle Exception
for clarity talk about which part of foot is flexing and how to move the toes -
Dorsiflexion of foot toes - flexion of dorsal (top) side of foot
2 more items...
Plantarflexion = flexion of plantar (sole) side of foot
2 more items...
The foot is unique because of its perpendicular orientation
Dorsal Has TWO Meanings Depending on Orientation
2 more items...
Shoulder, neck, knee, spine, hip, elbow
Tends to be
in
frontal plane towards (dorsal(posterior)/anterior ) *can be lateral too
Abduction (
away from medial line
) &
Adduction (
towards the medial line
) (
adding them together
)
medial/lateral mvmts in the (face) coronal plane AROUND the sagigital (midline axis)
Elevation & Depression
Rotation
Supination/Pronation
4 more items...
upper limbs at shoulder; lower limbs at hip;
medial/lateral mvmt
sometimes
referred to as twist
2 more items...
neck or trunk at spine
1 more item...
Mandible, Scapula
hands fingers toes, limbs (arm & leg)
Elbow Knee extension (straightening)
joints can have multiple axes of movement
#
Neuromuscular
NERVOUS SYSTEM
components
Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord)
Peripheral nervous system
(sensory and motor nerves)
The somatic nervous system guides your voluntary control/ sensation
#
autonomic nervous system regulates the activities you do without thinking about them (involuntary movements).
sympathetic
parasympathetic
Peripheral Nerves for Movement
Medial line
Big Toe
Lateral connection
Pinky finger & ring finger
Functions: coordination, SENSATION, thought, memory, reflexes
#
Musculoskeletal
can also include proprioceptors in fascial system here because they're physically embedded in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints
#
PROPRIOCEPTORS
Muscle spindles
Primary sensors for the stretch reflex
Constantly inform the nervous system about muscle position
Detect muscle LENGTH and rate of length change (stretch)
embedded in the muscle belly
primary function is to provide sensory information to the CNS
messages about position and mvmt of muscles and joints
Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and other proprioceptors are typically classified as part of the sensory/nervous system
Golgi Tendons
Located at the junction (where muscle meets tendon)
Embedded in the tendon itself
#
Detect muscle TENSION/FORCE
Monitor how hard a muscle is pulling
Protective mechanism against excessive force
Necessary for adjusting force, coordinating movement, maintaining posture
standing upright, feet forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
