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PDHPE - FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE " How Does the Acquisition of…
PDHPE - FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE
" How Does the Acquisition of Skill Affect Performance"
Stages of Skill Acquisition
Cognitive
: Learning/ understanding stage, learning what to do for the skill, demonstrations are important, lots of errors, individual can’t correct.
Associative
: Practicing stage, learning how to do it, can perform the skill with no distractions and concentration, fewer errors, can start to correct the errors.
Autonomous
: Automatic stage, performs the skill automatically, open environment allows these individuals to improve, characteristics of skilled performers, comes naturally, little to no mistakes made.
Characteristics of the Learner
Confidence
: confidence in what the athlete is doing / confidence in performing an executing perfectly.
Hereditary
: Genetic factors.
Eg
. Tall, naturally athletic, more white blood cells (endurance) more red blood cells (short distance/ speed)
Ability
: Ability to performa well and execute a skill eg. good technique
Prior Experience
: Has played the sport for years, or in the past thus is more experienced and likely know a lot about the sport.
Personality
:
Eg
. respectful to coach, listens
The Learning Environment
Nature of the Skill
Open
: unpredictable, unstable environment
Eg
. surfing, team sports
Closed
: predictable, stable environment
Eg
. gymnastics
Gross
: large movement, large muscle groups
Eg
. Wrestling, tennis, AFL
Fine
: small, acute movements, small muscle groups
Eg
. Throwing a ball
Serial
: a series of discrete movements
Eg
. Serving a tennis ball
Discrete
: a movement with a distinct beginning and end
Eg
. Darts, archery
Continuous
: no distinct beginning or end
Eg
. Cycling, running, walking, swimming
Self - Paced
: movement in which the athletes decides the pace
Eg
. Serving a tennis ball, throwing a ball
Externally - Paced
: a movement in which an external source which is not the athlete decides the pace
Eg
. A layup, netball shot
The Performance Elements
Decision Making
:Choosing the right action/ being at the right place at the right time > athletes are able to respond effectively to changing game situations
Eg
. GS or GA deciding to pass ball to another player or shoot depending on defenders and position.
Strategic Development
: Long term approach to gain an advantage in a competition > guides the direction of the game and allows players to use their strengths effectively
Eg
. basketball team focusing on fast breaks throughout season
Tactical Development
: Short term decisions made during the game to execute the strategy
Eg
. zone defense in netball
Practice Method
Massed
: Longer working periods, shorter rest periods > associative and autonomous
Distributed
: Longer rest periods, shorter working periods > cognitive stage
Part
: Practicing small sections of a skill > associative and autonomous
Eg
. layup > dribbling, jumping, shooting, rebounding recovery
Whole
: putting small sections together to form 1 movement/ skill > associative and cognitive
Eg
. Full layup
Feedback
Internal
: Within the body.
External
: Source outside the body
Eg
. Coach, video, result, crowd
Concurrent
: Feedback during the game.
Eg
. Kinaesthetic sense, or coach yelling corrections from side line
Delayed
: Feedback after the game.
Eg
. Coach giving feedback after the game, watching video footage of the game.
Knowledge of Performance
: Information about the execution of the skill/ technique
Eg
. coach telling you to bend your legs more, shot goes in
Knowledge of Results
: Information about the results of the performance
Eg
. winning, shooting accuracy as a percentage
Assessment of Skill and Performance
Characteristics of a Skilled Performer
Kinaesthetic Sense
: Ability to feel their movements and adjust to make it more efficient and successful
Eg
. Shooters ability to know whether or not their shot is going in before it does.
Technique
: Good execution of skill and ability to refine technique to make it better and more efficient
Anticipation
: Ability to predict what is going to happen / read the play
Eg
. reading player and intercepting ball
Consistency
: Skills are accurate and reliable over time
Eg. 90% + shooting accuracy
Objective and Subjective Performance Measures
Objective
: Independant of observer, based on thing other than person observing, based of facts and other independant factors.
Eg
. stop watch, record of goals, scores, measuring tape.
Subjective
: Dependant of observer, based on opinions, feelings etc.
Eg
. Dancing, gymnastics
Validity and Reliability of Tests
Validity
: Tests ability to measure what it is supposed to measure
Eg
. Performing the Illinois agility test to test agility is valid however if you are using it to test speed it is not valid.
Reliability
: Refers to a tests consistancy.
Eg
. Athlete performs 100m sprint to test speed each day for a week and all results are the same or very similar.
Personal vs Prescribed Judging Criteria
Personal
:Very subjective, based on judges thoughts, feelings, expectations and opinions of what is good/ right.
Prescribed
: Objective, based on a specific criteria that is followed for all performances.