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PDHPE - FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE "How can Psychology Affect…
PDHPE - FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE
"How can Psychology Affect Performance?"
Motivation
Positive
: Motivation to perform well in return for a positive thing.
Eg
. A reward, recognition, being scouted for a team etc.
Negative
: Motivation to perform well to avoid something negative.
Eg
. Losing a game, having to run laps, punishments, coach or crow being disappointed.
Intrinsic
: Motivation that comes from within an individuals body. (Internal)
Eg
. Desire to win the game, wanting to perform well to please coach or crowd.
Extrinsic
: Motivation from an external source.
Eg
. Motivation from coach, family, friends, crowd or more material gain.
Anxiety and Arousal
Trait and State Anxiety
Trait Anxiety
: refers to an athletes own tendency to perceive situations as dangerous or as a threat. Can. often result in the physical effects of state anxiety thus poor performance also.
Eg
. general feelings about a situation, feeling uneasy or nervous.
State Anxiety
: The physical responses individuals have to a situation. Can often result in poor technique and poor execution of skills resulting in poor performance.
Eg
. shaking, tremouring, feeling faint, feeling nauseous
Sources of Stress
Internal sources
: negative thoughts, not wanting to lose, wanting to perform well etc.
External Sources
: pressure from coach, crowd, family etc to perform at a high standard and win.
Optimum Arousal
: How prepared an individual is for an activity physically and psychologically. Varied from very low to extremely high. Inverted U is a popular theory that displays optimal arousal. Optimal arousal differs depending on sport being played.
Eg
. low arousal = darts, requires lots of focus and fine motor skills/movements thus need very low arousal.
high arousal = wrestling, requires large gross movements/ skills, lots of aggression and arousal to gain power and momentum.
Psychological Strategies to Enhance Motivation and Manage Anxiety
Concentration / Attention Skills (Focusing)
: focusing on the important cues and ignoring all others. Involves using all senses.
Eg
. Watching the ball ad focusing on driving in netball. Gymnastics routine > focusing on the next skill/ movement and how to execute it.
Mental Rehearsal/ Visualisation/ Imagery
: picturing the entire performance prior to actually executing it. Must be done in the same environment for high accuracy. Mental preparation.
Eg
. marathon runner imagining them running their entire course at a high pace, where everything goes correctly > allows them to prepare for what they are about to do and how they can do it at a high performance.
Goal Setting
: Setting goals, small, medium and large to work towards. Help build motivation and provide a guid on how to get to the end goal.
Eg. short term = complete 3 training sessions this week
long term = complete city to surf
behavioural goals = listen to coach in every training and implement their critiques
performance goals = have 90% + accuracy in shooting
Relaxation Techniques
: Can help avoid over arousal, and also help manage / reduce anxiety. Allows athlete to control their mind and body.
Eg
. Self-hypnosis, mental rehearsal, meditation, centred breathing