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Global Sustainability - Coggle Diagram

- - - - What is it?
        
        Cultivation of cocoa beans to manufacture chocolate from the harvesting of cacao pods
    - - Location
        
        West African Nations: Cote d'Ivoire (74%), Ghana and Nigeria. Also Indonesia.
      - Climate
        
        Humid tropical climate with even temperatures of 22-32 degrees Celsius. No hot winds and drought.
      - Rainfall
        
        1000-2500mm per year
  - - - Provides certification labels to products that have been produced according to ethical standards which includes the prohibition of child labour. However, no single labour can guarantee that the chocolate was made without the use of exploitative labour. Third party inspectors and certifiers only visit 10% of cocoa farms. Farmers also receive knowledge of their visits and are able to hide evidence of rule violations such as exploitative labour.
  - - - Covid-19 has seen a decrease in the consumption of chocolate causing a surplus. This is because of less tourism.
    - - More than 20 million people depend on cacao for their livelihood.
    - - Biophysical factors like droughts limit the growth of cacao. On the other hand, favourable climate conditions can lead to a oversupply of cacao than is in demand reducing the overall market price of cocoa beans.
  - - - Human rights
        
        Poverty and Malnutrition: breach SDG 1- lack of access to nutritious foods due to employers only providing cheap foods such as bananas.
        
        Child labour and human trafficking: estimated 2.1 million children working on cocoa plantations in West Africa
        
        Harkin-Engel protocol aimed to "eliminate the worst forms of child labour" by stating that they will not buy cocoa from growers who use children.
        
        Labour rights and unsafe working conditions: dangerous tools like machete, long hours (14 per day)
        
        Increase in media attention has led to chocolate manufacturing paying more to their farmers.
        Fair Trade are in place to monitor fair payments.
        
        Lack of education and access to healthcare: breach SDG 4 (30%) children do not attend school.
    - - Environmental Protection
        
        Deforestation and degradation: increase in demand means unsustainable practices to supply cacao quickly and uses processes like deforestation to remove existing trees and plant cacao trees. The soil becomes degraded from over harvesting as this removes the nutrients.
        
        Farmers are moving away from traditional practices and instead moving towards sustainable practices. This includes effective use of fertilisers and agroforestry (integration of different vegetation)
        
        Loss of biodiversity: due to the production of a monoculture crop
        
        High use of agrochemicals: inorganic fertilisers which are highly acidic and cause issues in waterways
        
        Climate change