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Nanami Terrell P.3 Skeletal System - Coggle Diagram
Nanami Terrell P.3 Skeletal System
Disorders/Diseases
Rickets
Osteomalacia of children; bowed legs, bone deformities (bones are large). Cause: vitamin D deficiency
Osteoporosis
group of diseases which bone resorption exceeds deposit. Cause: No exercise, diet poor in calcium, smoking, genetics.
Osteomalacia
bones are poorly mineralized, osteoid produced, soft and weak
Paget's disease
Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption. Cause: fast bone growth
microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Compact Bone
Central (Haversian) canal: longitudinal channel running through the center of each osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves.
lamellae: Rings of calcified matrix (collagen fibers + mineral salts) surrounding the central canal.
Lacunae; Small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes (mature bone cells).
Canaliculi; Tiny channels radiating from lacunae that connect osteocytes to each other and to the central canal.
Spongy Bone
Osteocytes: Lie within lacunae inside the trabeculae, interconnected by canaliculi (similar to compact bone).
Bone Cells
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells maintaining the matrix
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells maintaining the matrix
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells that secrete bone matrix (osteoid)
bone fracture repair
Fibrocartilaginous (Soft) Callus Formation; Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers, Chondroblasts form cartilage tissue.
Bony (Hard) Callus Formation; Osteoblasts replace the fibrocartilaginous callus with spongy bone.
Bone Remodeling; Osteoclasts remove excess bone tissue, Osteoblasts rebuild compact (lamellar) bone.
Hematoma Formation; Blood vessels tear and bleed into the fracture site forms a hematoma (blood clot).
Differences between male and female skeleton
pelvic outlet
Men
: Smaller
Women
: Larger (for childbirth)
sacrum
Men
: Long, narrow, and curved forward
Women
: Short, wide, and less curved
pelvic inlet
Men
: Heart-shaped or narrow
Women
: Wide and oval-shaped
coccyx
Men
: Curved more anteriorly
Women
: Straighter and more flexible
pelvis shape
Men
: Narrow, deep, funnel-shaped
Women
: Broad, shallow, basin-shaped
Joints
Fibrous joints
Boones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, had no joint cavity, is the most immoveable 3 types
Syndomoses
Bones are connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue. The fiber varies, short fibers have little to no movement but longs ones have alittle more
Gomphoses
Teeth in aveolar sockets, periodontal ligament holds the tooth
Sutures
Rigid, interlocking joint of skull; allow growth for youth and in middle age sutures ossify and fuse
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones that are united by cartilage and have no cavity(2 types)
Synchondroses
Bar or plate of hyaline that unites bones (immoveable)
Symphyses
Fibrocartilage that unites bone in the symphysis joint (amphiarthrotic)
Synovial Joints
Pivot
Condylar
Hinge
Saddle
Plane
Ball and Socket
Movements allowed by Synovial joints
Gliding
one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Rotation
Turning of bone around its pwn long axis toward or away from midline
Angular
Extension
Increase in angle
Abduction
Movement along frontal plane, away from midline
Adduction
movement aling frontal plane, toward midline
Circumdiction
flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
Flexion
decrease in angle
Names of bones (anatomy term/definition)
Axial
Hyoid Bone
Thoracic Cage
Sternum; Breastbone
Ribs
false ribs (8-10)
Floating ribs (11-12) do not attach to sternum
True ribs (1-7) attached to sternum
Skull
Frontal bone
Forehead region; forms the front of the skull.
Parietal bones (2)
Form the sides and roof of the skull.
Temporal bones (2)
Contain structures of the ears; located at the temples.
Occipital bone
Forms the back and base of the skull.
Sphenoid bone
Butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull.
Ethmoid bone
Light, spongy bone between the eyes; part of nasal cavity.
Maxilla (2)
Upper jaw; forms part of the hard palate.
Mandible
Lower jaw; only movable bone of the skull.
Zygomatic bones (2)
Cheekbones.
Nasal bones (2)
Bridge of the nose.
Vomer
Forms part of nasal septum.
Vertebral Column
Cervical vertebrae; Neck region- atlas, axis
Thoracic vertebrae; Middle back- attach to ribs
Lumbar vertebrae; Lower back - larger vertebrae
Sacrum – 5 fused vertebrae at base of spine
Coccyx – Tailbone
Appendicular
upper limb
Humerus; Upper arm bone; connects shoulder to elbow.
Radius; Lateral bone of forearm (thumb side).
Ulna; Medial bone of forearm; forms elbow joint with humerus.
Carpals; Small bones forming the wrist.
Metacarpals;Form the palm of the hand.
Phalanges; Finger bones
pelvic girdle
Coxal bones formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Pelvis; Entire structure including sacrum, coccyx, and two hip bones.
pectoral girdle
Clavicle; Slender S-shaped bone that connects the sternum to the scapula.
Scapula; Flat triangular bone on the back that anchors arm muscles.
lower limb
Femur Longest and strongest bone; connects hip to knee.
Patella; Sesamoid bone that protects the knee joint.
Tibia; Medial, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg (shin bone).
Fibula; Lateral, slender bone for muscle attachment.
Tarsals; Include talus (ankle bone) and calcaneus (heel bone).
Metatarsals; Form the arch and ball of the foot.
Phalanges toe bones 3 per toe, 2 in the big toe
Anatomy of the long bone
articular cartilage Smooth, hyaline cartilage covering joint surfaces of the epiphyses; reduces friction and absorbs shock.
periosteum Dense connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of the bone
Metaphysis The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis.
medullary cavity The hollow center of the diaphysis containing yellow bone marrow
Epiphyses The expanded ends of the bone
Endosteum Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity and internal bone surfaces
Diaphysis The long, cylindrical middle portion of the bone.
Compact Bone Dense, strong outer layer that provides strength and protection
Spongy Bone Found mainly in the epiphyses; made of trabeculae that contain red bone marrow for hematopoiesis
Bone Remodeling
bone resorption;function of osteoblasts
remodeling units; packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
bone deposit; new bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts
Special Movements
elevation
Lifting a body part upward
depression
Moving a body part downward
protraction
Moving a body part forward (anteriorly)
retraction
Moving a body part backward (posteriorly)
inversion
Turning sole of foot inward (medially)
eversion
Turning sole of foot outward (laterally)
dorsiflexion
Bending foot upward toward shin
pantarflexion
Pointing toes downward
pronation
Turning palm downward (posteriorly)
supination
Turning palm upward (anteriorly)