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ICT - Coggle Diagram
ICT
how a wing works
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Concept: Lift arises from the wing's interaction with oncoming air, specifically by deflecting airflow downward.
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As the wing moves, it doesn't just push air aside; it continuously changes the airflow direction, creating a downward motion (downwash).
This downward deflection imparts a change in momentum to the air, which, according to Newton's Third Law, results in an upward force on the wing—this force is lift.
Coandă Effect: The tendency of a jet flow to attach to nearby surfaces, even if they curve away.
Navier-Stokes Equations: These equations govern fluid motion and unify various phenomena, including pressure gradients, viscosity, and momentum change. They are complex but essential for a comprehensive understanding of lift.
Four forces of flight
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Definition: The force exerted on the aircraft due to gravity, acting vertically downward.
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Definition: The aerodynamic force that holds an aircraft in the air, generated primarily by the wings.
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Newton's Third Law: Wings deflect air downward, creating an upward force.
Bernoulli's Principle: Air travels faster over the curved top of the wing, creating lower pressure above and higher pressure below, resulting in lift.
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Definition: The aerodynamic force opposing the aircraft's motion through air, acting parallel to the relative wind.
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Induced Drag: Resulting from lift generation, affected by wingtip vortices.
Total Drag: The sum of parasite and induced drag, forming a characteristic drag curve.
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Definition: The force propelling the aircraft forward, generated by the propulsion system.
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Jet Engines: Operate by expelling high-velocity gases, relying on Newton's Third Law
Three axis
Longitudinal Axis (Roll Axis): Runs from the nose to the tail of the aircraft. Rotation around this axis is called roll.
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Vertical Axis (Yaw Axis): Runs vertically from the top to the bottom of the aircraft. Rotation around this axis is called yaw.
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Definition: Roll is the rotation around the longitudinal axis, causing the wings to bank, which allows the aircraft to turn.
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To roll left: The left aileron raises (reducing lift) and the right aileron lowers (increasing lift).
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Adverse Yaw: The downward-deflected aileron creates additional drag, causing the nose to yaw opposite the intended roll, which is corrected with the rudder.
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Definition: Pitch is the rotation around the lateral axis, moving the nose up or down relative to the horizon.
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The elevator, located on the horizontal stabilizer, controls pitch:
Upward Deflection: Pulling the yoke back raises the elevator, generating a downward force on the tail, which lifts the nose for a climb.
Downward Deflection: Pushing the yoke forward lowers the elevator, creating an upward force on the tail, lowering the nose for a descent.
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Definition: Yaw is the rotation around the vertical axis, moving the nose side-to-side.
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The rudder, located on the vertical stabilizer, controls yaw:
Pressing the left pedal deflects the rudder left, causing the nose to yaw left.
Pressing the right pedal deflects the rudder right, causing the nose to yaw right.
Primary Role: The rudder aids in maintaining coordinated flight, counteracting adverse yaw during turns, and aligning the aircraft during crosswind landings.
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