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EL 100 Course: Essential Components of Linguistics Mind Map - Coggle…
EL 100 Course: Essential Components of Linguistics Mind Map
Linguistics as the Science of Language
Definition: the scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics.
Aim: Describe and explain language structure.
Morphology
Morpheme: Smallest meaningful unit of language.
Free Morphemes (stand alone, dog).
Bound Morphemes (must attach, -s in dogs).
Word Formation
Derivational Morphology: Creating new words/categories (., -ness, un-).
Inflectional Morphology: Adding grammatical function (tense, plural, e.g., -ed, -ing).
Morpheme Classification
Root, Stem, Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix).
Word Formation Processes: Compounding, Clipping, Blending, Acronyms.
Phonetics and Phonology
Phonetics (Speech Sounds: Production & Perception)
Articulatory Phonetics: How sounds are produced (e.g., vocal cords, tongue, lips).
Acoustic Phonetics: Physical properties of speech (e.g., frequency, amplitude).
Auditory Phonetics: How sounds are perceived by the ear.
IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet (standardized transcription).
Consonants: Place and manner of articulation, voicing.
Vowels: Height and backness of tongue, roundness.
Phonology (Sound Patterns & Systems)
Phoneme: Meaning-distinguishing sound unit (minimal pairs).
Allophone: Variant of a phoneme (non-meaning-distinguishing).
Phonological Rules: Processes like assimilation and deletion.
Suprasegmentals: Features above the sound segment (e.g., Stress, Intonation, Tone).
Syntax
Definition: Study of sentence structure and word order.
Constituency: Groups of words that function as a unit (phrases).
Phrase Structure Rules: How constituents are combined
Grammaticality: Judgments of well-formedness (Acceptable vs. Unacceptable structures).
Generative Grammar (Chomsky): Focus on competence (ideal speaker's knowledge).
Deep Structure (underlying meaning) vs. Surface Structure (actual utterance).
Transformations (rules linking structures).
Syntactic Categories: Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Determiner, Preposition.
Diagramming: Visualizing sentence structure (Tree Diagrams).
Semantic
Definition: Study of meaning in language.
Lexical Semantics: Word meaning.
Sense (internal meaning) vs. Reference (external reality).
Semantic Features ( $\pm$ human, $\pm$ animate).
Sense Relations: Synonymy, Antonymy, Hyponymy, Polysemy, Homonymy.
Sentential/Phrasal Semantics: Sentence meaning.
Truth Conditions: What makes a sentence true or false.
Thematic Roles/Theta Roles: The role of participants in an action (Agent, Patient, Theme).
Entailment and Contradiction.
Pragmatics
Definition: Study of meaning in context; language use.
Context: Linguistic (surrounding text) and Situational (world knowledge).
Deixis: Words whose meaning depends on context (e.g., I, here, now).
Speech Acts (Austin & Searle): Language as action.
Locutionary Act (saying it).
Illocutionary Act (intent/force, e.g., promising, warning).
Perlocutionary Act (effect on listener).
Conversational Implicature (Grice): Inferred meaning.
Cooperative Principle and Maxims (Quality, Quantity, Relevance, Manner).
Presupposition: Background belief assumed by the speaker.
Overview of Other Linguistic Subfields
Sociolinguistics: Language and society (e.g., Dialects, Registers, Code-switching).
Psycholinguistics: Language and the mind (e.g., Acquisition, Processing, Neurolinguistics).
Historical Linguistics: Language change over time (e.g., Sound Change, Language Families).
Applied Linguistics: Language in practice (e.g., Language Teaching, Translation).
Computational Linguistics: Language and technology (NLP, Machine Translation).
Discourse Analysis: Language in texts and conversation larger than the sentence.
Typology: Classification of languages based on shared structural features.