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Human Anatomy and Integument System - Coggle Diagram
Human Anatomy and Integument System
major cavities of the body
Dorsal (posterior) cavity
Cranial Cavity
Contains: the brain
Vertebral Canal (Spinal Cavity)
Contains: the spinal cord.
Anterior (Ventral) Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Pleural Cavities: each surrounds a lung.
Pericardial Cavity: contains the heart, located within the mediastinum, which also houses structures such as the trachea and esophagus,thymus, and major blood vessels (aorta, venae cavae).
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity: Contains major digestive organs such as stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
Pelvic Cavity: Contains urinary organs (such as bladder), reproductive organs (ovaries in females and prostate in males), and part of the digestive system.
Why do skin and its appendages are considered organs of the integument system?
Integument System :The outermost layer of a body that serves as protective barrier, shielding internal organs and tissues from physical damages.
Because the skin and its appendages provide outer covering to the body, serving as the physical and functional barrier between internal and external environment of the body, they are considered the organs of integument system.
Skin acts directly as the protective shield against injury, pathogens, and radiation.
The appendages (hair, sweat glands, and nails) collaboratively work with skin to regulate body temperature, sense the environment, and respond to stimulus
three planes most commonly used
Tranverse Plane
The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections
Oblique Plane
the oblique plane has no fixed orientation. It cuts the body at an angle, neither parallel nor perpendicular to the other planes. This plane is essential for understanding complex structures and movements like the spine or pelvis.
Sagittal Plane
Midsagittal (Median) Plane
Passes exactly through the midline
Divides body into equal right and left halves
Example: through nose and navel
Parasagittal Plane
Runs parallel to midsagittal plane
Divides body into unequal right and left parts
Example: slightly right or left of midline
Frontal Plane
The frontal plane is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane.
Definition
A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. They help describe locations, movements, and relationships of body parts more precisely.
Difference between the posterior (dorsal) and the anterior (ventral) body cavities
Posterior (Dorsal) Cavity
Location: Along the back of the body
Main Function: Protects the central nervous system
Major Subdivisions: Cranial cavity & vertebral (spinal) cavity
Representative Organs: Brain & spinal cord
Dividing Structure: Continuous space (no partition)
Protective Membranes: Meninges (cover brain & spinal cord)
Anterior (Ventral) Cavity
Location: Toward the front of the body
Main Function: Houses visceral organs (heart, lungs, digestive, urinary, reproductive systems)
Major Subdivisions: Thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity
Representative Organs: Lungs, heart, stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, reproductive organs
Dividing Structure: Diaphragm separates thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities
Protective Membranes: Serous membranes — pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominal organs)
Components of the integumentary system
sebaceous glands
secrete sebum that coats the hair and prevent them from drying. It also prevent excessive evaporation of water from the skin.
ceruminous glands
Modified sweat glands in the external ear that produce waxy secretion called ear wax.
Hair
Mostly distributed across the scalp, the eyebrows, the armpits, and the external genitalia. On every part of the body, hair aids in protecting the part from injury or heat. Hair also sense light touches.
Nails
Plates of hard dead epidermal cells that covers the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of fingers.
Dermis
The middle layer that mainly contains dense connective tissue filled with collagen and elastic fibers, providing strength, flexibility, and elasticity.
sudoriferous glands
sweat glands. These glands releases sweat into hair follicles or onto skin surface through pores.
epidermis
The outermost layer of the skin that serve as the primary barrier.
serous membrane
Definition
A serous membrane (also called serosa) is a thin membrane that lines closed internal body cavities and covers the organs within those cavities.
Structure
The membrane has two surfaces/layers
Parietal layer: lines the cavity wall.
Visceral layer: covers the organs (viscera) inside the cavity.
Composition of each layer
Epithelial layer (mesothelium): A single layer of simple squamous epithelium (flattened cells) that forms the outermost epithelial lining. It secretes the fluid.
Connective tissue layer: loose (areolar) connective tissue beneath the epithelium which contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, sometimes fat. This layer supports the mesothelium.
Location
Pleura
The serous membrane that encloses the pleural cavity. It surrounds the lungs and reduces friction between the lungs and the body wall, facilitating breathing movements.
Pericardium
The serous membrane that encloses the pericardial cavity. It surrounds the heart and reduces friction between the heart and the wall of the pericardium, allowing for smooth cardiac movements.
Peritoneum
The serous membrane that encloses the peritoneal cavity. It surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and reduces friction between these organs and the body wall, ensuring smooth movement and function of abdominal and pelvic organs.
two serous and mucosal membranes
serous membrane
A thin layer of membrane that covers the organs within the body’s cavities. This membrane lines closed body cavities and cover the organs within them. This membrane secretes serous fluid that reduces friction bebtween organs.
Location: Lines closed body cavities
Epithelium type: Simple squamous epithelium
Secretions: Thin, watery serous fluid
Function: Reduces friction between organs
Examples: Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
mucous membrane
An epithelial later and an underlying connective tissue that lines body cavity that are open to the outside of the body. This type of membrane secretes mucus which function is to protects inner surfaces, traps pathogens, and aids moisturizing.
Location: Lines cavities open to the exterior
Epithelium type: Usually columnar or pseudostratified epithelium
Secretions: Thick, sticky mucus
Function: Protects and traps debris/pathogens; keeps surfaces moist
Examples: Lining of respiratory tract, digestive tract, oral cavity
anatomycal position
The anatomical position is the standard reference posture used to describe the human body accurately and consistently.
Application
Diagnosis: Understanding where symptoms occur in relation to other structures.
Surgery: Planning procedures based on precise anatomical locations.
Education: Teaching anatomy through models and diagrams that depict bodies in this standard stance
Describe the human body
Directional Terms
Anterior (or ventral): describes the front or direction toward the front of the body.
Posterior (or dorsal): describes the back or direction toward the back of the body.
Superior (or cranial): describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper.
Inferior (or caudal): describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or towards the tail.
Lateral: describes the side or direction toward the side of the body.
Medial: describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body.
Proximal: describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
Distal: describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
Superficial: describes a position closer to the surface of the body.
Deep: describes a position farther from the surface of the body.
Regional Terms
Cranial: relating to the skull.
Facial: Pertaining to the face.
Cervical: referring to the neck region.
Thoracic: Relating to the chest area. (Includes: Sternal (center of the chest) and Mammary (pertaining to breasts).
Upper Limb
Brachium: upper arm.
Antebrachium: forearm.
Carpal: wrist region.
Manual: hand region.
Lower Limb
Femoral: thigh region.
Crural: leg region.
Tarsal: ankle region.
Pedal: foot region.
Abdominal: referring to the abdomen
Pelvic: relating to them lower part of the abdomen.