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Linguistics – The Scientific Study of Language - Coggle Diagram
Linguistics – The Scientific Study of Language
Linguistics as the Science of Language
Definition: Scientific study of human language
Characteristics of Language
Arbitrary
Systematic
Dynamic
Creative/Productive
Universal
Major Branches
Major Branches:
Theoretical Linguistics
Applied Linguistics
Functions of Language
Informative
Expressive
Directive
Phatic
Aesthetic
Metalinguistic
Phonetics and Phonology
Phonetics: Study of speech sounds
Articulatory (production)
Acoustic (sound waves)
Auditory (perception)
Phonology: Study of sound systems and patterns
Phoneme: smallest sound unit
Minimal pairs
Syllable structure
Stress, intonation, rhythm
Morphology
Definition: Study of word structure and formation
Key Concepts
Morpheme: smallest meaning unit
Free vs. Bound morphemes
Root, stem, affix (prefix, suffix, infix)
Word Formation Processes
Affixation
Reduplication
Compounding
Clipping
Blending
Conversion
Coinage
Syntax
Definition: Study of sentence structure and word arrangement
Components
Phrase structure (NP, VP, PP, etc.)
Sentence types (simple, compound, complex)
Word order (SVO)
Grammatical relations (subject, object, predicate)
Transformational rules
Semantics
Definition: Study of meaning in language
Aspects of Meaning
Denotation vs. Connotation
Lexical vs. Sentential meaning
Semantic Relations
Synonymy
Antonymy
Hyponymy
Polysemy
Homonymy
Sense and Reference
Pragmatics
Definition: Study of meaning in context
Key Concepts
Speech acts (locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary)
Implicature
Deixis (person, time, place)
Presupposition
Context and inference
Overview of Other Linguistic Subfields
Sociolinguistics – Language and society
Dialects, registers, code-switching
Psycholinguistics – Language and the mind
Acquisition, comprehension, production
Neurolinguistics – Brain and language processing
Applied Linguistics – Teaching, translation, language policy
Historical Linguistics – Language change and evolution
Computational Linguistics – Language and technology