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ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF EL 100 - Coggle Diagram
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
OF EL 100
Linguistics as the
Science of Language
Systematic study of language
Aims to:
Describe
Explain
Understand language
Language Functions:
Communication
Social Interaction
Thought
Key Distinctions:
Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
Core Concepts
Arbitrariness of the Sign
Creativity
Duality of Patterning
Cultural Transmission
Phonetics and Phonology
Study of speech sounds
Branches:
Articulatory (how sounds are produced)
Acoustic (sound waves)
Tool:
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Auditory (sound perception)
Study of sound systems and patterns
Phoneme
Allophone
Phonotactics
Rules of sound combinations
Variations of a phoneme
Smallest unit of sound (/p/, /b/)
Morphology
Study of word structure and formation
Core Unit:
Morpheme – smallest unit of meaning
Types of Morphemes:
Free (can stand alone) → book, play
Bound (must attach) → -s, un-
Inflectional (changes grammatical form) → walk → walked
Derivational (changes meaning or part of speech) → happy → happiness
Word Formation Processes:
Compounding
Clipping
Blending
Affixation
Semantics
Study of meaning in language
Types of Meaning
Conceptual (literal)
Connotative (emotional/associative)
Collocative, Social, Thematic, Affective
Lexical Relations:
Synonymy
Antonymy
Polysemy
Hyponymy
Homonymy
Theories of Meaning:
Truth-Conditional
Componential
Prototype
Pragmatics
Study of meaning in context
Key Concepts
Context and Situation
Speech Acts (actions via utterances)
Implicature (implied meaning)
Deixis (contextual words – I, here, now)
Example:
“Can you pass the salt?” → Request, not question
Overview of Other Linguistic Subfields
Sociolinguistics
Language and society (dialects, registers)
Psycholinguistics
Language and the mind
Applied Linguistics
Language teaching, translation
Historical Linguistics
Language change over time
Computational Linguistics
Language change over time
Syntax
Study of sentence structure and rules
Concepts:
Constituents
Phrases
Clauses
Grammaticality
Word Order
Tools:
Tree Diagrams (sentence representation)
Structures:
Deep Structure
underlying meaning
Surface Structure
actual sentence form