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China's Demographics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - low quality of life
  - - - many poor people who couldn't afford to pay taxes
  - - - environmental stain
        
        conversion of farmland to industrial use
        
        misuse of agricultural land & poor planning
        
        destruction of ecosystems needed for food production
  - - - introduced population control policies e.g. "Later, Longer,Fewer" campaign to encourage couples to marry later, have fewer children, & space births further apart
        
        eventually led to One-Child Policy in 1979
        
        couples must not marry until their late 20s
        
        most have only one successful pregnancy
        
        must be sterilised after the first child or abort any future pregnancies
        
        would receive a 5-10% salary rise for limiting their family to one child
        
        Punishments for disobeying the rules:
        
        10% salary cut
        
        a fine so large that it would bankrupt most households
        
        family would have to pay for the education of both children & health care for all the family
        
        second children born abroad weren't penalised but also weren't allowed to become Chinese citizens
        
        39% of population (2007) was subject to strict one-child restriction
        
        exceptions to policy
        
        rural families were allowed to apply for a second child if first was a girl
        
        ethnic groups were exempt because they could have become unsustainable under the One Child Policy
        
        if parent was an only child then they were allowed to have two children, except government workers
        
        Policy was abolished on the 1st January 2016 & replaced by the two-child policy, however couples still have to gain permission to have a second child
- - - - previously forecast famine didn't occur
        
        led to improved living conditions & food security
      - less time needed for childcare, women have had more opportunity to concentrate on careers, so have achieved more
        
        improved gender equality & career opportunities
      - attitude to having a daughter & quality of life for women have improved
        
        changing social attitudes & better treatment of girls
      - contraception's availability has increased
        
        since 1797, nearly 250 millions births have been prevented
      - survey have found that 76% of China's population supports the policy
    - - population growth has slowed down sufficiently for poeple to have enough food & jobs
        
        better balance between population & resesources improved employment & living standards
      - new industries have lifted millions out of poverty, although technology from other countries has helped to do this
        
        economic development & industrialisation improved income & reduced poverty
      - with increasing wealth, more people are able to break rules, pay the fine, & take the other consequences of having a second child
        
        rising wealth & affordability of fines reflect higher income levels & economic growth
    - - population growth rate has decreased by more than 10% since policy introduction
        
        show's government's population control policies were effective
      - some studies suggest that policy only had minimal effect on the population, as the rapid economic development may have caused a bigger change
        
        suggests that political intervention may have been less influential than economic and social progress
    - - it's estimated that 400 million fewer people have been born
        
        fewer people meant reduced pressure on natural resources, land & environment
  - - - forced abortions even as late as nith-month of pregnancy
      - "Granny police" did regular check ups on couples of childbearing age & even accompany women to contraception appointments to make sure they attened
        
        show of government enforcement, surveillance, and control
      - local officials & central government had power over people's private lives
      - China was blamed for lack of human rights, which consist in this case of freedom of choice, forced sterilizations and daughters' abortions
      - led to corruption, many people to have more children
        
        political & administrative corruption linked to enforment of population laws
    - - women were placed under tremendous pressure from their families, workmates, the "Granny Police" and their own conscience and feelings
        
        "Granny Police" also called "Fertility Supervisors" were older women in the local communities in China who helped enforce the One-Child Policy
      - Chinee society prefered sons over daughters
        
        resulted in female infanticide or girls being placed in orphanages
      - "Little Emperor" syndrome: only children were often spoiled
      - Gender imbalance: more than 30 million young men than young women
        
        1.18 men to 1 woman
      - many parents abandoned their children to be adopted
        
        social consequences of population control & preference for sons
    - - Later the policy affected the labour force & dependency ratio e.g. fewer workers to support the ageing population
        
        rising dependency raton where fewer working-age people supporting an ageing population
      - economic inequality caused by policy enforcment
        
        created injustice between the poor & the affluent as the affluent could afford to pay the fines that are imposed on a family that has more than one child
- - - - population fell in 2022 for the first time in 60 years, the working-age share expected to drop sharply e.g. from 65% to 57% by 2035
      - family structure increases support burden & dependency
  - - - high cost of housing and education are leading reasons for reluctance to have extra children
    - - fertility decline also seen among ethnic minority groups e.g. 48 of 55 minority groups have fertility rates below replacement level
- - - - according to Amnesty International "Governments have no business regulating how many children people have"
  - - - young couples reluctant to have more than one or two children
        
        only 13% of respondents intended to have a third child under the "three-child" policy