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Valeria Tovar Period 3 Skeletal System, Names of all the bones, Types of…
Valeria Tovar
Period 3
Skeletal System
Diaphysis
: Long shaft, made of compact bone
Epiphysis
: Ends of bone, made of spongy bone with red marrow
Articular Cartilage
: Smooth cartilage covering joints to reduce friction
Periosteum
: Tough outer membrane with nerves and blood vessels for growth and repair
Endosteum:
Lines the medullary cavity, aids in bone growth/remodeling
Medullary Cavity:
Central cavity with yellow marrow (stores fat)
Epiphyseal Plate (Growth Plate):
Site of bone growth in children
*Nutrient Foramen:
Hole for blood vessels to enter bone
Osteoporosis
: Bone thinning --> fractures common in elderly women
Osteoarthritis
: Cartilage wears down --> painful joints
Rickets
: Vitamin D deficiency in children --> soft, bowed legs
Scoliosis
: Lateral curvature of spine
Kyphosis
: Humpback curvature
Lordosis
: Swayback curvature
Fractures:
Simple, compound, comminuted, greenstick
Paget's Disease:
Abnormal bone remodeling --> enlarged, weak bones
Fibrous Joints
: Immovable
Cartilaginous Joints
: Slightly movable
Synovial Joints
: Freely movable
Types of Synovial Joints
:
Hinge
: Elbow, knee
Ball-and-socket
: shoulder, hip
Pivot
: Neck
Saddle
: Thumb
Plane
: Carpals
Condyloid
: Wrist
Axial Skeleton
:
Skull
: Cranium (protects the brain), Mandible (lower jaw), Maxilla (upper jaw)
Vertebral Column
: Cervical (neck), Thoracic (mid-back), Lumbar (lower back), Sacrum, Coccyx
Thoracic Cage
: Ribs (protect lungs/heart), Sternum (breastbone)
Appendicular Skeleton
:
Pectoral Girdle
: Clavicle (collarbone), Scapula (shoulder blade)
Upper Limbs
: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
Pelvis Girdle
: Hip bones (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis)
Lower Limbs
: Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges
Steps
:
1. Hematoma Formation
: Blood clot at fracture site
2. Fibrocartilaginous Callus
: Collagen and cartilage form a temporary bridge
3. Bony Callus Formation
: Spongy bone replaces callus
4. Bone Remodeling
: Compact bone forms, reshaping bone to normal
Healing Time
: 6-8 weeks
Flexion/Extension:
Decrease/increase angle between bones
Abduction/Adduction:
Away/toward body's midline
Rotation:
Turning around axis
Circumduction:
Circular movement
Supination/Pronation:
Palm up/down
Elevation/Depression:
Lift/lower
Inversion/Eversion
: Turn foot inward/outward
Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion
: Flex or point foot
A: Long Bones
:
1.
Femur (thigh bone)
2.
Humerus (upper arm)
3.
Radius (forearm, thumb side)
4.
Ulna (forearm, pinky side)
5
Tibia (shin bone)
6.
Fibula (lateral leg)
7.
Metacarpals (hand bones)
8.
Metatarsals (foot bones)
9.
Phalanges (fingers/toes)
10.
Clavicle (collarbone)
B.Short Bones:
11.
Carpals (wrist bones)
12.
Tarsals (ankle bones)
C. Flat Bones:
13.
Sternum (breastbone)
14.
Ribs (protect chest organs)
15.
Scapula (shoulder blade)
16.
Cranial bones (skull bones)
D. Irregular Bones:
17.
Vertebrae (protect the spinal cord)
18.
Mandible (jaw bone)
19.
Sacrum (base of spine)
E. Sesamoid Bones
20.
Patella (kneecap)
Definition:
Continuous cycle where old bone is replaced by new bone
Cells Involved
:
Osteoclasts
: remove old bone
Osteoblasts
: deposit new bone
Purpose
:
repair micro damage
maintain calcium levels
adapt bone strength to stress
Hormones Involved
:
Parathyroid hormone --> increases bone breakdown
Calcitonin --> decreases bone breakdown
Pelvis
:
Female:
Wider, shallower, oval inlet, pubic arch > 90 degrees
Male:
Narrower, deeper, heart-shaped inlet, pubic arch < 90 degrees
Skull
:
Male
: Heavier brow ridges, larger mastoid process
Female
: Rounder forehead, smoother features
Overall Bone Density:
Male:
Thicker, denser bones
Female
: Lighter, thinner bones
Compact Bone
: Dense, solid, forms diaphysis
Spongy Bone:
Porous, light, contains red marrow
Osteon
: Structural unit of compact bone
Central Canal
: Carries blood vessels and nerves
Lamellae:
Rings of bone matrix
Lacunae:
Cavities housing osteocytes
Canaliculi:
Tiny canals connecting osteocytes
Bone Cells
:
Osteoblasts
: Build new bone
Osteocytes:
Maintain bone tissue
Osteoclasts:
Break down bone for remodeling
Names of all the bones
Types of bones
Anatomy of the Long Bone
Microscopic Anatomy for Bone Tissue
Bone Remodeling
Bone Fracture Repair
Joints (Articulations)
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Differences Between Male and Female Skeleton
Disorders and Diseases