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Skeletal Jade Mellin - Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal
Jade Mellin - Period 3
Name of bones
Cranium – skull
Mandible – lower jaw
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
Sternum – breastbone
Ribs – ribs
Humerus – upper arm
Radius – forearm (thumb side)
Ulna – forearm (pinky side)
Carpals – wrist bones
Metacarpals – hand bones
Phalanges – fingers/toes
Vertebrae – spine bones
Pelvis – hip bones
Femur – thigh bone
Patella – kneecap
Tibia – shin bone
Fibula – smaller lower leg bone
Tarsals – ankle bones
Calcaneus – heel bone
Types of bones
Long bones: longer than wide → femur, humerus
Short bones: cube-shaped → carpals, tarsals
Flat bones: thin and curved → skull, sternum
Irregular bones: complex shapes → vertebrae, pelvis
Sesamoid bones: inside tendons → patella
Anatomy of long bone
Diaphysis: shaft, mostly compact bone
Epiphysis: ends, mostly spongy bone
Metaphysis: area between shaft and ends
Articular cartilage: covers ends, reduces friction
Periosteum: outer bone covering
Medullary cavity: hollow space with marrow
Endosteum: lining inside cavity
Red marrow: makes blood cells
Yellow marrow: stores fat
Microscopic Anatomy of bone tissue
Osteon (Haversian system): structural unit of compact bone
Lamellae: concentric rings around osteon
Central canal: contains blood vessels & nerves
Lacunae: small spaces for osteocytes (bone cells)
Canaliculi: tiny canals connecting osteocytes
Osteoblasts: build new bone
Osteoclasts: break down bone
Osteocytes: maintain bone
Bone remodeling
Helps repair micro-damage and maintain calcium balance
Bone is constantly broken down by osteoclasts and rebuilt by osteoblasts
consists of bone deposit and resorption
Bone fracture repair
Hematoma formation: blood clot at break site
Fibrocartilaginous callus: cartilage forms bridge
Bony callus formation: osteoblasts make spongy bone
Bone remodeling: compact bone replaces spongy bone
Joints
Fibrous (immovable): skull sutures
Cartilaginous (slightly movable): intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
Synovial (freely movable): knee, elbow, shoulder, hip
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
Flexion/Extension: bending/straightening → elbow
Abduction/Adduction: away/toward midline → shoulder
Rotation: turning → neck
Circumduction: circular motion → shoulder, hip
Supination/Pronation: palm up/down → forearm
Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion: foot up/down → ankle
Differences Between Male and Female Skeleton
Pelvis: female wider for childbirth
Skull: male heavier, more prominent brow
Overall size: males generally larger and stronger bones
Sacrum: female shorter and wider
Disorders/diseases
Osteoporosis: weak, brittle bones
Osteoarthritis: joint cartilage wears down
Rickets: soft bones from vitamin D deficiency
Fractures: broken bones
Scoliosis: abnormal spinal curvature
Osteomyelitis: bone infection